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1 – 10 of over 2000Professionals often dislike dirty work, yet they accommodate or even embrace it in everyday practice. This chapter problematizes Andrew Abbott’s professional purity thesis by…
Abstract
Professionals often dislike dirty work, yet they accommodate or even embrace it in everyday practice. This chapter problematizes Andrew Abbott’s professional purity thesis by examining five major forms of impurities in professional work, namely impurity in expertise, impurity in jurisdictions, impurity in clients, impurity in organizations, and impurity in politics. These impurities complicate the relationship between purity and status as some impurities may enhance professional status while others may jeopardize it, especially when the social origins of professionals are rapidly diversifying and professional work is increasingly intertwined with the logics of market and bureaucracy. Taking impurities seriously can help the sociology of professions move beyond the idealistic image of an independent, disinterested professional detached from human emotions, turf battles, client influence, and organizational or political forces and towards a more pragmatic understanding of professional work, expertise, ethics and the nature of professionalism.
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The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the application of the tools and techniques of Quality by Design (QbD) approach in an Indian pharmaceutical drug product…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the application of the tools and techniques of Quality by Design (QbD) approach in an Indian pharmaceutical drug product manufacturing company and to understand the challenges, managerial implications and lessons learned while implementing this initiative.
Design/methodology/approach
This work adopts the Action Research methodology for impurity reduction in a drug product manufacturing company in India by using the tools and techniques of QbD approach. Various QbD tools like Design of experiments, process capability evaluation and control charts were effectively utilized for the study.
Findings
As a part of QbD implementation in the organization, a specific drug product was identified and the impurity level in the product was studied. Significant variables impacting the impurity were identified and the optimum levels for the significant variables were identified through design of experiments. The solutions were implemented and the impurity levels were reduced significantly.
Research limitations/implications
Even though the article is based on a single case study related to tools and techniques of QbD in a single organization in India, the identified problem is a generic product quality related issue for any pharmaceutical drug product manufacturing company. Hence the findings of this research are applicable to pharmaceutical drug manufacturing industry in general.
Originality/value
This article illustrates the systematic usage of various tools and techniques of QbD methodology in a pharmaceutical drug product manufacturing company. The usage of Design of Experiments for process optimization and application of other tools and techniques are ready references for the practitioners and novice users in the field.
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Niru Nigam and Mrs Kumkum Srivastava
Sulphates, chlorides, nitrates and oxidising agents were studied as impurities in sulphuric acid and hydrochloric acid. Presence of chlorides inhibited the dissolution of mild…
Abstract
Sulphates, chlorides, nitrates and oxidising agents were studied as impurities in sulphuric acid and hydrochloric acid. Presence of chlorides inhibited the dissolution of mild steel in sulphuric acid whereas presence of nitrates and oxidising agents accelerated the reaction. In the case of hydrochloric acid, mild steel dissolution was inhibited by sulphate impurities and was accelerated by nitrates and oxidising agents. Ipomoea and Amaranthus (5%) were used as inhibitors. Both of them showed good performance in the two acids in the presence of impurities.
Y. DEPEURSINGE, L. GUEX, J.M. MORET and P. WEISS
We have simulated the technological processes for the well formation in CMOS technology. The general problem of coupled impurities diffusion under oxidizing conditions has been…
Abstract
We have simulated the technological processes for the well formation in CMOS technology. The general problem of coupled impurities diffusion under oxidizing conditions has been treated by the finite‐element method. The obtained results have been compared to measured profiles. The study of the influence of the technological parameters on the well's structures allowed us to optimize the lateral diffusion, as well as the effects of the field oxidation.
German silver was tinned at three temperatures with solder containing 17 different impurities at up to five different concentration levels. The tinning process was carried out in…
Abstract
German silver was tinned at three temperatures with solder containing 17 different impurities at up to five different concentration levels. The tinning process was carried out in a wetting balance. After this, the samples were subjected to corrosion and tested in a wetting balance again. It was established that bismuth at high concentration levels has a corrosion resistant effect which gives superior solderability. Silver, aluminium, bismuth, cadmium and copper, in amounts accepted by specifications, make the tinned surface unsolderable after corrosion. Statistical evaluation of a large number of tests — 1755 tests with 21,060 evaluated points — gave valuable information on how a wetting balance curve should be evaluated and which criteria should be established for good soldering.
D. COLLARD and J.N. DECARPIGNY
The finite element method is used to solve the non‐linear diffusion equation, taking account of the interaction between impurities due to self‐induced electric field and charged…
Abstract
The finite element method is used to solve the non‐linear diffusion equation, taking account of the interaction between impurities due to self‐induced electric field and charged vacancies effects, and of various boundary conditions (evaporation, segregation, oxidation growth…). An incomplete implicit scheme gives the solution of the temporal equation deduced from a quadratic space discretization. The temporal and spatial problems being proved to be quite independent, specific locally refined meshes are developed. The quadratic shape functions allow the use of evolutive mesh for the oxidation simulation without profile degradation. Two realistic industrial steps are described to demonstrate the efficiency of the code.
Juozas Padgurskas, Raimundas Rukuiza, Arunas Amulevicius, Ceslovas Sipavicius, Kestutis Mazeika, Rimantas Davidonis, Antanas Daugvila and Henrikas Cesiulis
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the influence of fluor‐oligomeric coat on the mechanical properties of steel surface, as well as the chemical interaction of…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the influence of fluor‐oligomeric coat on the mechanical properties of steel surface, as well as the chemical interaction of fluor‐oligomeric films with surface and theoretical‐phenomenological interpretation of structural processes in friction surface.
Design/methodology/approach
Four groups of specimens were studied: two groups of specimens without any wear tests – initial steel specimen as control version and a specimen which was ten times coated by fluor‐oligomer, and two groups of specimens, which were tribologically tested for one million cycles – without any coating and coated specimens. Closed kinematical profile scheme roller‐roller of steel 45 was chosen for tribological tests. Wear of friction surface after those tests was investigated. The interaction between fluor‐oligomer and iron was studied by means of Mössbauer spectroscopy. The micro‐hardness of matrix was also measured.
Findings
Affecting the surface of steel by the fluor‐oligomer and friction produces the complicated processes of carbide decay and formation occur. The mechanisms are found which are related to the weakening of chemical bond in steel during the absorption, to the generation of microscopic ruptures, to the decrease (30‐50 per cent) of the amount of carbides and its increase during the friction (up to 50 per cent). The mechanical effect which causes the regeneration of carbides during friction is revealed. Tribological efficiency of fluor‐oligomeric coats (five times lower wear of coated specimens) is explained by the balance of three processes – the softening of matrix during adsorption, the detention of dislocations, and formation of hard particles in the matrix.
Originality/value
The complex mechanism of the increase of wear resistance is explained by filling of ductile matrix with carbide particles.
Jianran Lv, Hongyao Shen and Jianzhong Fu
The purpose of this paper is to supplement and upgrade existing research on LPBF of NiTi alloys. Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) is a promising method for fabricating…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to supplement and upgrade existing research on LPBF of NiTi alloys. Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) is a promising method for fabricating nickel–titanium (Ni–Ti) alloys. It is well known that the energy density is mainly adjusted through the scanning speed and laser power. Nevertheless, there is lack in research on the effects of separately adjusting the scanning speed and laser power on the properties of the final Ni–Ti components. On the other hand, although Ni-rich Ni–Ti alloys [such as Ni54(at.%)Ti] have great potential in structural applications because of their high hardness and good shape stability, at present, there are few studies focusing on this grade of Ni–Ti alloy.
Design/methodology/approach
In this work, the energy density was adjusted by changing the laser power and scanning speed separately, and the corresponding process parameters were used to fabricate Ni54(at.%)Ti alloys. The formability (including the relative density, impurity content, etc.) and tensile properties of the LPBF Ni54(at.%)Ti alloys fabricated with different combinations of process parameters were analyzed.
Findings
The effects of increasing the laser power and reducing the scanning speed on the properties of the LPBF Ni54(at.%)Ti alloys and the property differences between components manufactured with different combinations of laser power and scanning speed under the same energy density were analyzed. The optimal process parameters were selected to fabricate the components that achieved the highest ultimate tensile strength of 537 MPa, a high relative density of 98.23%, a relatively low impurity content (0.073 Wt.% of carbon and 0.06 Wt.% of oxygen) and an ideal pseudoelasticity (95% recovery rate loaded at 300 MPa).
Originality/value
The effects of increasing the laser power and reducing the scanning speed on the properties of LPBF Ni54(at.%)Ti alloys were studied in this paper. This work is an upgrade and supplement to the existing research on fabricating Ni-rich Ni–Ti alloys by the LPBF method.
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The coupled set of non‐linear 2D diffusion equations for donor and acceptor type impurities with initial and appropriated boundary conditions is solved by an implicit locally‐one…
Abstract
The coupled set of non‐linear 2D diffusion equations for donor and acceptor type impurities with initial and appropriated boundary conditions is solved by an implicit locally‐one dimensional finite difference method. Numerical experiments have been made to achieve a reasonable trade‐off between the desired accuracy and the CPU time. The algorithm was implemented to the process module of the 2‐D integrated process and device modeling system IMPEDANCE 2.0.
The purpose of this paper is to present the development and implementation of a system of test methods for determining the contamination level in cleaning baths and using this…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to present the development and implementation of a system of test methods for determining the contamination level in cleaning baths and using this system for long‐term monitoring in printed circuit board (PCB) production.
Design/methodology/approach
A set of test methods was chosen that indicated the contamination of production cleaning baths in four chambers of an ultrasonic cleaning equipment filled with a commercial alkaline cleaner and isopropanol. By long‐term monitoring, the amount of mechanical impurities, residue‐on‐evaporation, pH and conductivity were measured. Depending on the contamination of the cleaning baths, the final contamination of PCB surfaces was predicted and the baths were replaced with fresh baths.
Findings
A novel system for testing and monitoring the contamination of cleaning baths was developed and implemented. The sustainable compliance with the specification was assured in PCB production, thus, the final PCB contamination achieved was under 1.5/1.2 μg NaCl/cm2 as measured using the IPC‐TM‐650 test method. Quality requirements were fulfilled. This novel system was successfully integrated into the company's quality management system.
Research limitations/implications
The set of test methods were used for an alkaline cleaner and isopropanol and for both a conventional solder and a lead‐free one. Because the course of bath contamination, monitored by the four test methods, was found to be proportional, further development should be focused on the issue – i.e. to determine if the “proportionality” would be universal for all types of PCB manufacturing.
Originality/value
The paper deals with a new approach for quality testing and assurance in PCB manufacturing. A set of test methods for monitoring contamination levels in production cleaning baths was implemented. This also supports process control and minimises the impact of cleaning processes on the environment (i.e. the production of waste from cleaning was reduced).
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