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This chapter analyzes the effects of introducing a graduated minimum wage in a model with optimal income taxation in which a government seeks to maximize social welfare. It shows that the optimal graduated minimum wage increases social welfare by increasing the low-productivity workers’ consumption and bringing it closer to the first-best. The chapter also describes how the graduated minimum wage in a social welfare optimum depends on important economy characteristics such as the government’s revenue needs, the social welfare weight of low-productivity workers, and the numbers and productivities of the different types of workers.

The Secretary of State for Social Services, in conjunction with the Treasury and with the concurrence of the Commissioners of Inland Revenue, in exercise of powers under sections 11(3), 14(1), 15, 59(8), 74(2) and 95(12) of the National Insurance Act 1965, and of all other powers enabling him in that behalf, after considering the report of the National Insurance Advisory Committee on the preliminary draft submitted to them in accordance with section 108 of that Act and for the purpose of consolidating the regulations hereby revoked, hereby makes the following regulations:—

This paper seeks to offer an alternative critique to graduated response, a warning and sanction mechanism aimed at fighting online piracy.

This paper reflects on and frames graduated response in terms of theories on surveillance society and code. In particular, it analyses the graduated response debate in the European Union and the current initiatives in France and the UK.

The paper argues that graduated response portrays rights holders as being in a state of emergency, is a form of social sorting, and has a technological bias.

This paper contends that many objections raised to graduated response have been reduced to issues concerning the procedure rather than the principle, and that important societal questions concerning graduated response remain un(der)explored.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the HADOPI Law adopted in France in 2009. It aims to focus on two aspects of the law: the graduated response and the certification of a “legal” offer. It also aims to describe both, analyze their rationale and discuss their likely impact.

The paper combines legal and economic approaches. The legal debates have been analyzed and transcribed in a casual discourse. Economic analysis is used to understand the rationale of the law. Both approaches are used to point out the limitations of the law.

The paper shows that the graduated response and the certification of a “legal” offer both target consumers. The former aims at deterring file sharing, the latter aims at guiding consumers towards “legal” services. However, the graduated response's efficiency is dubious; the certification raises the issue of defining what is legal. Both mechanisms destabilize the French copyright law by putting more pressure on ISPs and online services. Targeting consumers in the name of copyright may cause a rejection of copyright as a whole.

The HADOPI Law is considered a pioneer in the field of copyright enforcement, especially as a first application of the graduated response. The topic is therefore of premier importance for copyright at global level.

The paper is the first to combine economic and legal approaches to analyze the graduated response. It deals with the certification of “legal” services, which has only rarely been studied. The link between both mechanisms has never been considered before.

Purpose – In this chapter, I explore the graduated response approach to combatting online piracy, and examine the different ways in which this approach has been implemented in the United States and around the world.

Design/methodology/approach – I discuss the legal, political, and industrial origins and current state of the graduated response programs in each country.

Findings – Overall, the most successfully launched graduated response programs have been the ones where a single entity is overseeing the program implementation, and the code of conduct has been well articulated.

Originality/value of chapter – Few scholars have examined the processes leading up to the implementation of graduated response programs and the mechanics of how they work in practice. This chapter does this by looking, chronologically, at the developments in each country as well as the choreography of its notice process.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate how the participants talk about their experiences as newly graduated nurses, managers and nursing colleagues in the context of “newcomers’ establishment in the profession” and to identify how they portray the healthcare organisation in their narratives.

A narrative approach is used to reveal and illustrate three perspectives on the topic “new-comers’ establishment”. In total, 14 interviews are conducted with 4 managers, 4 nursing colleagues and 6 newly graduated registered nurses. The focus of this study is how a healthcare organisation embraces and retains newly graduated registered nurses and how this is perceived.

The newcomers’ establishment is facilitated by an orientation programme and an orientation period, individual support provided by managers and colleagues, and the creation of trust to boost confidence in nursing situations. The organisation is portrayed as struggling with high workloads, nursing shortages, high levels of responsibility and showing concern and an interest in the newcomer. The parties criticise the university for not teaching the most basic knowledge, thereby revealing the existence of a theory-practice gap.

The research shows how building trust amongst the organisation’s members is essential for creating a satisfying workplace and the retention of newly graduated registered nurses. Empirical descriptions of newly graduated nurses, managers and nursing colleagues experiences of “newcomers establishment” are rare, which is why the description of such “establishment” in this research increases the value of the paper.

The purpose of this paper is to explore the career shocks that young, newly graduated entrepreneurs experience in the process of starting a business.

The study adopted a qualitative approach, drawing upon 25 semi-structured interviews with entrepreneurs who recently graduated from university (up to the age of 30) in different European countries.

The analysis identifies several career shocks that can confront entrepreneurs before and after starting a business and reveals how these shocks influence graduates’ decisions to become and continue to be an entrepreneur.

The study sheds light on the diverse nature of career shocks and the importance of integrating agency concepts and environmental influences in career research. It identifies important factors relevant for school-to-work transition research and complements work in entrepreneurship research on necessity and opportunity entrepreneurship, push and pull motives, and entrepreneurial intentions.

Organizations can use the findings to attract and retain young entrepreneurial employees, while higher education organizations can use the findings to better prepare students for a successful transition into entrepreneurship, whether in the corporate or independent form.

The paper integrates the concept of career shocks with literature on entrepreneurship and offers a categorization of career shocks in the pathway to entrepreneurship.

Doctoral programs are primarily intended to train new professors and researchers to take positions requiring research competency. This paper aims to observe the scientific production of 734 Brazilian new PhDs in management and the possible link between the scientific output of the graduates and doctoral program rank.

Methodologically, the authors built a database collecting the journal publications of the first six years after doctoral degree of all PhDs in management graduated by Brazilian doctoral programs during the period of 1998-2008. The authors use cluster and descriptive analysis to explore PhD publication.

Results show a great disparity of productivity, where 10 per cent of all new PhDs account for most of the Brazilian research productivity, while most of the PhDs have a very low performance – and that the CAPES (the Brazilian institutional system) qualification of doctoral programs is not a good predictor of the performance of the future graduates. Results are discussed to understand this productivity gap among researchers in a context of a developing country where support institutions are working to improve quantity and quality of publication.

The results are useful for recruiters that need to decide between hiring new PhDs with low productivity graduated from high-ranked programs or new PhDs with high productivity from programs with more modest ranking. At least in part, the authors’ results question the real impact that the doctoral program’s prestige has on the performance of its graduates.

There are implications for the future candidates to a management PhD program, for the Directors of these programs and for the institutional agencies that regulate and promote science and that establish the prevailing rules and norms that researchers and institutions follow.

The results are adamant in pointing out that there is a small group of highly productive new PhDs – that the authors called “stars”. Generally speaking, they may find these “star” new PhDs in several doctoral programs. They have also found that some of the new PhDs have a relatively higher level of international papers published, but not necessarily a larger volume of publications. Meanwhile, most PhDs present a very low level of performance. This has important contributions to the way they perceive the doctoral education in management, especially in Ibero-America, revealing insights about the quality of PhDs and PhD courses.

ARRANGEMENT OF REGULATIONS

The Secretary of State for Social Services, in conjunction with the Treasury and with the concurrence of the Commissioners of Inland Revenue, in exercise of powers under sections 11(3), 14(1), 15, 74(2) and 95(12) of the National Insurance Act 1965, and of all other powers enabling him in that behalf, after considering the report of the National Insurance Advisory Committee on the preliminary draft submitted to them in accordance with section 108 of that Act, hereby makes the following regulations:—