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The purpose of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of fraud detection instruments in not-for-profit (NFP) organizations. Not-for-profit organizations rely on trust and volunteer support. They are often small in size and do not have relevant expertise to prevent fraud. Such organizations are more vulnerable to fraud and, consequently, require effective fraud detection instruments. The existing literature on fraud detection is primarily descriptive and does not measure instrument performance. The authors address this research gap and provide a detailed overview of the impact of nine common fraud detection instruments.

Data were obtained from an NFP fraud survey conducted in Australia and New Zealand. A set of contingency tables is produced to explore the relationship between the existence of a specific fraud detection instrument and actual detection of fraud. We also investigate the relationship between organization size and fraud detection strategy.

The findings provide valuable insights into understanding fraud detection mechanisms. Although most fraud detection measures may not lead to more fraud detection, three highly effective instruments emerge, namely, fraud control policies, whistle-blower policies and fraud risk registers. The results also reveal that commonly used fraud detection instruments are not necessarily the most effective. This is true in a significant number of small organizations that appear to be focusing on ineffective fraud detection instruments.

Implementation of more effective fraud detection measures will reduce the damage caused to an organization and is highly relevant for practitioners.

The results show that differences in the effectiveness of fraud detection instruments in the NFP sector exist. This knowledge is directly applicable by related organizations to reduce fraud damage.

Currency usage either in the physical or electronic marketplace through chip-based or magnetic strip-based plastic card becoming the vulnerable point for the handlers. Proper education and awareness can only thrive when concrete fraud detection techniques are being suggested together with potential mitigation possibilities. The purpose of this research study is tendering in the same direction with a suitable plan of action in developing the authentication strength metric to give weightage marks for authentication techniques.

In this research study, a qualitative in-depth exploration approach is being adapted for a better description, interpretation, conceptualization for attaining exhaustive insights into specific notions. A concrete method of observation is being adopted to study various time boxed reports on plastic card fraud and its possible impacts. Content and narrative analysis are being followed to interpret more qualitative and less quantitative story about existing fraud detection techniques. Moreover, an authentication strength metric is being developed on the basis of time, cost and human interactions.

The archived data narrated in various published research articles represent the local and global environment and the need for plastic card money. It gives the breathing sense and capabilities in the marketplace. The authentication strength metric gives a supporting hand for more solidification of the authentication technique with respect to the time, cost and human ease.

The research study is well controlled and sufficient interpretive. The empirical representation of authentication technique and fraud detection technique identification and suggestive mitigation gives this research study an implication view for the imbibing research youths. An application and metric based pathway of this research study provides a smoother way to tackle futuristic issues and challenges.

This research study represents comprehensive knowledge about the causes of the notion of plastic card fraud. The authentication strength metric represents the novelty of a research study which produced on the basis of rigorous documentary and classified research analysis. The creativity of the research study is rendering the profound and thoughtful reflection of the novel dimension in the same domain.

This paper aims to provide information of parameters and techniques used in the automated fraud detection system during online transaction. With the increase in the use of online transactions, the concerns regarding data security have also increased. To tackle the frauds, lot of research has been done and plethora of papers are available on the related topics. The purpose of this paper is to provide the clear pathway for researchers to move in the direction of development of automated fraud detection system to prevent the fraud during online transaction.

This literature review analyses and compares the different types of techniques for detecting fraud during online transaction. An in-depth study of the most prominent journals has been done and the core methodology of the papers has been presented. This article also shed some light on different types of parameters used in fraud detection techniques during online transaction.

There are vast varieties of various fraud detection techniques, and every technique has completed task in its own way. After studying approximately 41 research papers, 14 books and four reports, in total 30 parameters have been identified and a detailed study of the parameters has been presented. The parameters are also listed with their details that how these parameters are used in the security system for detecting online transaction fraud.

This paper provides empirical insight about the parameters and their prominence in the development of automated fraud detection security system of online transaction. This paper encourages the researchers to development of improved fraud detection system.

This paper will pave the way for researchers to do a focused research on the fraud detection methodologies. The analysis will help in zeroing down the most prevalent topic of research in this field. The researchers will be able to understand the internal details of parameters and techniques used in the fraud detection systems. This literature also helps the research to think in a variety of ways that how these parameters will be used in the development of fraud detection system.

This paper is one of the most comprehensive reviews in its field. It tries and attempts to fill a void created because of lack of compilation of the laid fraud detection parameters.

Fraud transaction detection has become a significant factor in the communication technologies and electronic commerce systems, as it affects the usage of electronic payment. Even though, various fraud detection methods are developed, enhancing the performance of electronic payment by detecting the fraudsters results in a great challenge in the bank transaction.

This paper aims to design the fraud detection mechanism using the proposed Harris water optimization-based deep recurrent neural network (HWO-based deep RNN). The proposed fraud detection strategy includes three different phases, namely, pre-processing, feature selection and fraud detection. Initially, the input transactional data is subjected to the pre-processing phase, where the data is pre-processed using the Box-Cox transformation to remove the redundant and noise values from data. The pre-processed data is passed to the feature selection phase, where the essential and the suitable features are selected using the wrapper model. The selected feature makes the classifier to perform better detection performance. Finally, the selected features are fed to the detection phase, where the deep recurrent neural network classifier is used to achieve the fraud detection process such that the training process of the classifier is done by the proposed Harris water optimization algorithm, which is the integration of water wave optimization and Harris hawks optimization.

Moreover, the proposed HWO-based deep RNN obtained better performance in terms of the metrics, such as accuracy, sensitivity and specificity with the values of 0.9192, 0.7642 and 0.9943.

An effective fraud detection method named HWO-based deep RNN is designed to detect the frauds in the bank transaction. The optimal features selected using the wrapper model enable the classifier to find fraudulent activities more efficiently. However, the accurate detection result is evaluated through the optimization model based on the fitness measure such that the function with the minimal error value is declared as the best solution, as it yields better detection results.

The study aims to examine the influence of auditor personal factors, such as goal orientation, self-efficacy and professional commitment to auditor’s responsibility to detect the fraudulent, particularly in small accounting firms.

The authors surveyed 86 auditors working in small accounting firms in Bali Province, Indonesia.

The results prove the role of self-efficacy as a mediating variable in the relationship of goal orientation and auditor responsibility. This result at once confirms that self-efficacy can improve individual performance even in complex tasks. This study also proves the role of professional commitment as a mediator variable.

Given that the respondents came from small accounting firms, these findings are not intended to be generalized with auditors in large accounting firms.

These findings highlight essential efforts to reduce audit expectation gaps between auditors and the public. The small accounting firms’ leaders must to alignment workplace organizational goals and organization professional goals. A dualism of purpose causes the auditor to fail to fulfill the responsibility of fraud detection.

There is a severe audit expectation gap related to the auditor’s role in detecting fraud. This finding expected to answer public questions related to auditors’ ability and responsibility in small accounting firms in detecting fraud.

There is limited research on auditor responsibility, particularly in small audit firms in developing countries. Also, there is still debate scientific about the influence of goal orientation, self-efficacy and professional commitment to auditor performance.

This paper addresses a fundamental issue in financial regulation ‐ that of the auditor’s ability to detect material irregularities. If an auditor is to detect irregularities he/she must also be cognisant of fraud aetiology by drawing on such other disciplines as psychology, criminology and sociology. The paper first provides a critique of existing fraud aetiology models and then describes the ROP Fraud Risk‐Assessment Model constructed by the author in a study of convicted serious fraud offenders in Australia. The main concern of the paper is with the eclectic fraud detection model (EFD), of which the ROP model is a component. The EFD model is aimed at enhancing the auditor’s fraud detection ability, it has been constructed by the author and its utility successfully tested in Australia in a survey of auditors. Finally, the policy implications for auditors of the findings obtained are also considered.

This paper aims to investigate the role of corporate governance and information technology in fraud prevention and detection within the United Arab Emirates (UAE).

This study uses a survey of financial accountants and internal and external auditors to assess their perceptions of the effectiveness of IT and corporate governance as measured in terms of the audit committee’s effectiveness, internal audit functions, external audit functions, culture of honesty and employee training programmes in preventing and detecting fraud in the UAE.

The results indicate that corporate governance has a moderate role in preventing and detecting fraud in the UAE and that IT has the same role as traditional fraud prevention and detection techniques. The results also show no significant difference between internal and external auditors in their use of technological and traditional techniques during the course of audits.

The findings suggest that the senior management and boards of directors must better understand the importance of their oversight function. The finding that a culture of honesty has a low positive impact on fraud prevention and detection in the UAE indicates that chief executive officers and boards of directors must make more efforts to set the “tone at the top” to improve the corporate environment in terms of integrity and ethics, among other factors. Furthermore, as IT and traditional techniques provide the same function, senior management and boards of directors must be alerted to the importance of developing systematic approaches to fraud investigation that involve greater reliance on technological approaches.

The moderate role of corporate governance suggests that senior management and boards of directors must better understand the importance of their oversight function to meet their obligations and fiduciary responsibilities to stakeholders. Furthermore, greater adoption of IT to detect and prevent fraud contributes to developing a systematic approach to fraud investigation, capable of identifying unusual activity using effective software.

This study contributes to the literature on the role of corporate governance and IT in preventing and detecting fraud, particularly for Middle Eastern countries and other emerging nations. The study may provide insights to academics and practitioners in the UAE and their international counterparts.

The purpose of this paper is to explore perceptions of fraud detection techniques in the stock and warehouse cycle in Barbados.

The study uses a self‐administered questionnaire, adapted and modified from Owusu‐Ansah et al. The sample is comprised of 64 auditors. The study examines the perceived effectiveness of audit procedures, the influence of size of the audit firm, and the level of audit experience in the choice of specific audit procedures.

The study indicates that there is a moderate to high perceived effectiveness of standard audit procedures in the detection of fraud in the stock and warehousing cycle in Barbados and that the majority of the “more effective” audit procedures can be classified as field research techniques that are more direct in obtaining evidence. It is found that auditors from larger firms reported higher means for audit procedures. There are mixed findings with respect to the significant relationship between level of auditing experience of auditors and perceived effectiveness of fraud detection techniques. The study also indicates that males consistently rated the level of effectiveness of audit procedures higher than females.

Due to the relatively small sample size, these findings should be interpreted with caution. Nonetheless, the findings of this study do indicate that auditing procedures in this developing country are on par with those of developed countries.

This paper serves to inform audit‐related policies and regulation on the potential threats within the stock and warehouse cycle.

This paper contributes to the limited body of research on fraud detection within the stock and warehouse cycle in small developing countries.

This paper examines the role of professional associations, governmental agencies, and international accounting and auditing bodies in promulgating standards to deter and detect fraud, domestically and abroad. Specifically, it focuses on the role played by the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA), the Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA), the Institute of Management Accountants (IMA), the Association of Certified Fraud Examiners (ACFE), the US Government Accounting Office (GAO), and other national and foreign professional associations, in promulgating auditing standards and procedures to prevent fraud in financial statements and other white‐collar crimes. It also examines several fraud cases and the impact of management and employee fraud on the various business sectors such as insurance, banking, health care, and manufacturing, as well as the role of management, the boards of directors, the audit committees, auditors, and fraud examiners and their liability in the fraud prevention and investigation.

Data crawling in e-commerce for market research often come with the risk of poor authenticity due to modification attacks. The purpose of this paper is to propose a novel data authentication model for such systems.

The data modification problem requires careful examinations in which the data are re-collected to verify their reliability by overlapping the two datasets. This approach is to use different anomaly detection techniques to determine which data are potential for frauds and to be re-collected. The paper also proposes a data selection model using their weights of importance in addition to anomaly detection. The target is to significantly reduce the amount of data in need of verification, but still guarantee that they achieve their high authenticity. Empirical experiments are conducted with real-world datasets to evaluate the efficiency of the proposed scheme.

The authors examine several techniques for detecting anomalies in the data of users and products, which give the accuracy of 80 per cent approximately. The integration with the weight selection model is also proved to be able to detect more than 80 per cent of the existing fraudulent ones while being careful not to accidentally include ones which are not, especially when the proportion of frauds is high.

With the rapid development of e-commerce fields, fraud detection on their data, as well as in Web crawling systems is new and necessary for research. This paper contributes a novel approach in crawling systems data authentication problem which has not been studied much.