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An intractable effect of revenue and expense recognition based on tax regulation and accounting rules is unresolved and may be manageable only by reducing the value of deferred taxes. Therefore, in this study, the authors examined the relationship between the International Accounting Standard 12 (IAS 12) and deferred income taxes associated with tax and accounting rules.

The authors used a large sample of balanced data from 144 firms across 1992–2019. To mitigate the problem of superfluous results, the authors used the same number of firms and years for pre- and post-IAS 12 periods. The authors employed robust econometric estimations to establish the impact of IAS 12 on deferred tax.

The regression results show that deferred tax assets decreased significantly, whereas deferred tax liabilities increased significantly, in the post-IAS 12 period. These contrasting results imply that IAS 12 implementation has increased conservatism and prudence in financial reporting. However, the authors find that the increase in deferred tax assets post-IAS 12 is value destructive, suggesting that its implementation has unintended consequences. The results are robust to alternative measurements and econometric identification strategies.

While prior studies have explored topics such as deferred tax measurement and the impact of income and expense recognition, the authors specifically analyzed how IAS 12 affects deferred taxes and their effect on the market valuation. The authors find that certain accounting standards may not be relevant to the capital market.

This paper aims to examine the financial statement impact resulting from the tax depreciation on buildings that was reinstated on 25 March 2020 as part of the New Zealand Government’s coronavirus (COVID-19) tax support package. The COVID-19 pandemic and the tax relief created an accounting response to map the environment to accounting reports, reversing previously recognized deferred tax liabilities and increasing reported income as a result.

This is an exploratory and descriptive study to understand the accounting response and impact on companies’ financial statements following a COVID-19 tax relief to support businesses in a dire financial situation as the effects of COVID-19 took hold.

First, the accounting response provided the appropriate mapping from the COVID-19 environment to accounting reports. Second, the financial statement impacts are material, especially for companies with extensive holdings of buildings that are held for use. Third, while the accounting relief was immediate, the economic (cash flow) support does not occur until a year later.

The financial statement impacts are based on a subset of NZX 50 companies with the available information at the time of writing. However, they do not compromise the external validity of the findings because the tax depreciation relief applies to other listed companies, unlisted public and private companies, trust, partnerships and individuals.

The New Zealand Government could have been more helpful to businesses by allowing an immediate depreciation deduction in the 2020 year as opposed to implementing it from 2021. Further, it could have legislated a backlog depreciation deduction from 2010 – when the depreciation on buildings was disallowed – to 2020.

This paper documents the evolution of the accounting for deferred taxes when the New Zealand Government withdrew the tax depreciation in 2010, how NZ IAS 12 evolved as a result of that event and now the reversal effect with the reinstatement of the tax depreciation during COVID-19. The paper also blends in the accounting responses and considers whether they are opportunistic or efficient.

This paper explores the value relevant information of future income taxes under The Canadian Institute of Chartered Accountants (CICA) handbook section 3465. CICA handbook section 3465 requires Canadian companies to use the asset and liability method to account for income taxes. Consistent with prior studies, this paper shows that future tax assets are positively associated with share prices, suggesting that they are valued as assets. Future tax liabilities are negatively associated with share prices, suggesting that they are valued as liabilities. Future tax value allowance, which is created for future tax assets, is negatively associated with share prices. This study also explores the value relevant information of future tax asset and liability categories. In addition, this paper explores what determines the valuation of future tax assets and liabilities. It is argued that future tax assets are more (less) valuable if (no) sufficient future income will be generated in the near future to utilize these tax assets; future tax liabilities will reduce share prices more (less), if there is a higher (lower) likelihood of reversal in the short run. The results support this argument. It is shown that (1) future tax assets are less valuable if the firm's value allowance is higher (i.e., the management does not expect the firm will generate sufficient taxable income in future years to utilize these tax assets), or the firm's leverage is higher (another proxy for no sufficient future taxable income), and (2) future tax liabilities reduce share prices less if the firm's investment in capital properties is increased.

This study aims to compare the value relevance of the recognised deferred tax elements under International Accounting Standard 12 (IAS 12): Income Taxes (balance sheet method) relative to the taxes payable (flow through) method. It also investigates the value relevance of the IAS 12 deferred tax disclosures.

This study used standard valuation models to examine the association between share price and the recognised amounts and footnote disclosures of IAS 12. The Vuong (1989) test is then used to assess which information set is more value relevant. The sample includes 440 firm years over the period 2008-2012.

The results show that deferred tax amounts recognised under the balance sheet method provide no more information to investors than the taxes payable method (TPM). Deferred tax footnote disclosures, however, are more relevant than the amounts recognised under the balance sheet method. This study investigates potential reasons for the relevance of footnote disclosures.

This study has not addressed whether the deferral method of deferred tax is relevant. In addition, while footnote disclosures look promising, further research is necessary.

The results suggest, given the complexity and cost of compliance with IAS 12, that the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) should undertake a comprehensive re-think on the relevance of the balance sheet method in IAS 12 and revert to the TPM.

The IASB and the European Financial Reporting Advisory Group have expressed concerns over the balance sheet method under IAS 12. The IASB and the Financial Accounting Standards Board also have concerns over the cost and complexity of the deferred tax disclosures. The study’s results offer a perspective by examining whether the balance sheet method is value relevant. Prior research has addressed this issue using local data (i.e. pre-International Financial Reporting Standards). This study also provides suggestions for future research into deferred tax footnote disclosures.

South African companies have, in the past, not recognised an asset for unused Secondary Tax on Companies (“STC”) credits. AC 501, Accounting for “Secondary Tax on Companies (STC)”, which is effective for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2004, now requires South African companies to recognise a deferred tax asset for unused STC credits, to the extent that it is probable that an entity will declare dividends of its own, against which the unused STC credits can be utilised. In terms of AC 501 and IAS 12 (AC 102), Income Taxes (the local and international accounting standard on income taxes), the recognition of a liability to pay STC has to be postponed until the declaration of a dividend. Some accounting commentators have indicated that they find it anomalous to recognise a deferred tax asset in respect of unused STC credits, while no liability is recognised for the STC that would be payable on the future distribution of retained earnings. The objective of the study is to consider whether it is conceptually anomalous to recognise a deferred tax asset for unused STC credits while no liability is raised for the STC that would become payable on future dividend declarations on profits already recognised in the financial statements. The study concludes that it is conceptually anomalous to recognise a deferred tax asset for unused STC credits when no corresponding liability is raised.

The purpose of this work is to analyse both from a theoretical and an empirical point of view the reversal of positive and negative temporary differences in Spanish firms and, derived from the reversal, to question whether the comprehensive allocation or the partial allocation of temporary differences is more or less profitable for firms.

The audited annual accounts of the firms registered in the Comisión Nacional del Mercado de Valores – the Spanish version of the SEC – during the periods 1996, 1997 and 1998 were analysed. To analyse the differences obtained, the sample was first disaggregated into different groups, according to whether the differences were positive or negative temporary reversed. A calculation was made of some descriptive statistics together with an analysis of both the mean and the variance, which made it possible to draw robust conclusions on the way Spanish firms report their positive and negative temporary differences reversed.

The paper provides information about the positive and negative temporary differences reversals by year (1996, 1997 and 1998) and by sector of activities (energy and water, construction, transport and communications, real estate and others) in the sample period and compares them over time.

The highest percentage corresponds to “other negative and positive temporary differences reversals” including those cases where firms do not specify which type of operation has motivated the difference and use the comprehensive allocation of temporary differences; it is very difficult to follow up all the future reversals.

A very useful source of information for Spanish firms and for investigators in this subject.

This paper is pioneering in the analysis of the reversal of temporary differences in Spanish firms, as well as in determining whether the use of the comprehensive or partial tax allocation of temporary differences is more or less appropriate.

This paper empirically examines whether the order of liability and preferred stock accounts presented on the balance sheet is consistent with how the stock market values their riskiness.

This paper measures a firm’s riskiness with idiosyncratic risk and employs the first-difference design to test the relation between idiosyncratic risk and the order of current liabilities, noncurrent liabilities and preferred stock, respectively. Further, the paper tests whether operating liabilities are viewed as riskier than financial liabilities. Finally, the authors partition their sample based on the degree of financial distress and investigate whether the results differ between the two subsamples.

The paper finds that current liabilities are viewed as riskier than noncurrent liabilities and preferred stock is viewed as less risky than current and noncurrent liabilities, consistent with the ordering on the balance sheet. Further, the paper finds that operating liabilities are viewed as riskier than financial liabilities. Finally, the authors find that total liabilities and preferred stock (redeemable and convertible classes) are viewed as riskier for distressed firms than for nondistressed firms.

The authors thoroughly investigate the riskiness of several classes of claims and document that the classification of liabilities and preferred stock classes is relevant to common stockholders for assessing their associated risk.

The purpose of this study is to empirically identify incentives that drive resource shifting by US pharmaceutical firms to comparatively low-tax jurisdictions.

Using a panel of publicly listed companies, we investigate whether resource shifting is facilitated by two underlying factors. First, we examine whether pharmaceutical manufacturers whose intangible assets are disproportionately held as intellectual property are more or less likely to shift resources to jurisdictions outside of the USA. Second, we empirically determine whether manufacturers that derive most of their revenues from producing a specific type of product are more or less likely to shift income-producing resources to their international affiliates.

The empirical results suggest that pharmaceutical factors do practice strategic resource shifting. Moreover, pharmaceutical manufacturers which produce biologic medications are significantly less likely than other manufacturers to practice resource shifting. We find no evidence to suggest that firms whose intangible assets are more composed of intellectual property are any more or less likely to practice resource shifting.

To date, a plethora of studies exist which examine resource shifting in a large, general population of multinational corporations. However, there are relatively few studies that examine international resource shifting in the pharmaceutical industry.

Extant research examining the determinants of deferred tax asset valuation allowances finds that the evidence provisions outlined in SFAS 109 explain a significant portion of both levels of and changes in recorded valuation allowances. In addition, there is evidence of a stock price reaction around the time of announcements of valuation allowance information. The present study extends existing research in two ways. First, extant research on determinants of valuation allowance changes does not incorporate the asymmetry in the evidence provisions of SFAS 109. Accordingly, we separately examine the determinants of increases versus decreases in valuation allowances and find that the evidence provisions of SFAS 109 explain a much greater portion of valuation allowance increases than decreases. Second, we examine the association between annual stock returns and reported earnings resulting from valuation allowance changes. While the earnings effect of valuation allowance changes is found to be significant in the expected direction, the stock price reactions do not occur in the period the earnings effect is reported. This is consistent with low earnings “quality” under SFAS 109.