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Book part
Publication date: 25 August 2006

The Effect of School Choice and Residential Location on the Racial Segregation of Students

Hamilton Lankford and James Wyckoff

The pattern of racial segregation in U.S. elementary and secondary schools has changed significantly over the last 25 years. This chapter examines the relationship between…

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Abstract

The pattern of racial segregation in U.S. elementary and secondary schools has changed significantly over the last 25 years. This chapter examines the relationship between the racial composition of schools and the choices white parents make concerning the schools their children attend. Restricted access files at the Bureau of the Census allow us to identify each household's Census block of residence and, in turn, suburban public school districts and urban public school attendance areas. We find that the racial composition of schools and neighborhoods are very important in the school and location decisions of white families.

Details

Improving School Accountability
Type: Book
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-0984(06)14008-0
ISBN: 978-1-84950-446-1

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Book part
Publication date: 4 August 2017

Team Composition Over Time

Suzanne T. Bell and Neal Outland

Team composition research considers how configurations (e.g., team-level diversity) of team members’ attributes (e.g., personality, values, demographics) influence…

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Abstract

Purpose

Team composition research considers how configurations (e.g., team-level diversity) of team members’ attributes (e.g., personality, values, demographics) influence important outcomes. Our chapter describes key issues in understanding and effectively managing team composition over time.

Methodology/approach

We discuss how context shapes team composition. We review empirical research that examined relationships between team composition, and team processes and emergent properties over multiple time points. We review research that examined how composition can be effectively managed over the lifecycle of a team.

Findings

Context shapes the nature of team composition itself (e.g., dynamic composition). To the extent that membership change, fluid boundaries, and multiple team membership are present should be accounted for in research and practice. The research we reviewed indicated no, or fleeting effects for surface-level (e.g., demographics) composition on the development of team processes and emergent properties over time, although there were exceptions. Conversely, deep-level composition affected team processes and emergent properties early in a team’s lifespan as well as later. Team composition information can be used in staffing; it can also inform how to best leverage training, leadership, rewards, tasks, and technology to promote team effectiveness.

Social implications

Teams are the building blocks of contemporary organizations. Understanding and effectively managing team composition over time can increase the likelihood of team.

Originality/value

Our chapter provides novel insights into key issues in understanding and effectively managing team composition over time.

Details

Team Dynamics Over Time
Type: Book
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/S1534-085620160000018001
ISBN: 978-1-78635-403-7

Keywords

  • Team composition
  • staffing
  • team effectiveness
  • dynamic composition
  • emergent states
  • team dynamics

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Article
Publication date: 27 September 2019

Board gender composition, dividend policy and COD: the implications of CEO duality

Samuel Jebaraj Benjamin and Pallab Biswas

This study aims to examine whether CEO duality affects the association between board gender composition, dividend policy and cost of debt (COD).

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Abstract

Purpose

This study aims to examine whether CEO duality affects the association between board gender composition, dividend policy and cost of debt (COD).

Design/methodology/approach

The S&P 1500 firms’ data for this study were collected from the Bloomberg professional service terminal for the period 2010-2015.

Findings

The results show that board gender composition positively impacts both a firm’s propensity to pay dividends and the level of payouts. However, this positive association is only present in firms with CEO duality. The authors find no significant association between board gender composition and COD, but when the authors split the sample into firms with and without CEO duality, the authors find a negative association in firms without CEO duality.

Practical implications

The empirical results highlight important issues for policymakers, managers and investors. The study provides positive feedback on corporate governance rejuvenation efforts that seek to engender and advocate the appointments of female directors to corporate boards. Market participants, such as financial analysts and lenders, could recognize the empirical specifics related to the influence of board gender composition on firms’ dividend policy and COD in the context of CEO duality.

Originality/value

This study fills an important gap in the literature on the relationship between board gender composition and its relation with dividend policy and COD.

Details

Accounting Research Journal, vol. 32 no. 3
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/ARJ-02-2018-0035
ISSN: 1030-9616

Keywords

  • CEO duality
  • Cost of debt
  • Dividend policy
  • Board gender composition
  • S&P 1500

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Article
Publication date: 2 December 2019

Dynamic service composition in enterprise cloud bus architecture

Gitosree Khan, Sabnam Sengupta and Anirban Sarkar

Service composition phenomenon based on non-scenario aspects are become the latest issues in enterprise software applications of the multi-cloud environment due to the…

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Abstract

Purpose

Service composition phenomenon based on non-scenario aspects are become the latest issues in enterprise software applications of the multi-cloud environment due to the phenomenal increase in a number of Web services. The traditional service composition patterns are hard to support the dynamic, flexible and autonomous service composition in the inter-cloud platform. To address this problem, this paper aims to describe a dynamic service composition framework (SCF) that is enriched with various structural and functional aspects of composition patterns in a cloud computing environment. The proposed methodology helps to integrate various heterogeneous cloud services dynamically to acquire an optimal and novel enterprise solution for delivering the service to the end-users automatically.

Design/methodology/approach

SCF and different composition patterns have been used to compose the services present in the inter-cloud architecture of the multi-agent-based system. Further, the proposed dynamic service composition algorithm is illustrated using a hybrid approach, where service are chosen according to various needs of quality of service parameters. Besides, a priority-based service scheduling algorithm is proposed that facilitates the automation of delivering cloud service optimally.

Findings

The proposed framework is capable of composing the heterogeneous service and facilitate the structural and functional aspects of service composition process in enterprise cloud-based applications in terms of flexibility, scalability, integrity and dynamicity of the cloud bus. The advantage of the proposed algorithm is that it helps to minimize the execution cost, processing time and get better success rate in delivering the service as per customer’s need.

Originality/value

The novelty of the proposed architecture coordinates cloud participants, automate service discovery pattern, reconfigure scheduled services and focus on aggregating a composite services in inter-cloud environments. Besides, the proposed framework supported several non-functional characteristics such as robustness, flexibility, dynamicity, scalability and reliability of the system.

Details

International Journal of Web Information Systems, vol. 15 no. 5
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJWIS-01-2019-0005
ISSN: 1744-0084

Keywords

  • Hybrid
  • Orchestration
  • Service composition
  • Choreography
  • ECBS
  • Service scheduling

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Article
Publication date: 2 December 2019

Formal modeling and verification of a service composition approach in the social customer relationship management system

Alireza Souri, Amir Masoud Rahmani, Nima Jafari Navimipour and Reza Rezaei

The purpose of this paper is to present a formal verification method to prove the correctness of social customer relationship management (CRM)-based service composition…

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Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to present a formal verification method to prove the correctness of social customer relationship management (CRM)-based service composition approach. The correctness of the proposed approach is analyzed to evaluate the customer behavioral interactions for discovering, selecting and composing social CRM-based services. In addition, a Kripke structure-based verification method is presented for verifying the behavioral models of the proposed approach.

Design/methodology/approach

Evaluating the customer behavioral interactions using the social CRM-based service composition approach is an important issue. In addition, formal verification has an important role in assessing the social CRM-based service composition. However, model checking can be efficient as a verification method to evaluate the functional properties of the social CRM-based service composition approach.

Findings

The results of model checking satisfied the logical problems in the proposed behavior model analysis. In the statistical testing, the proposed URM mechanism supported the four knowledge creation process conditions. It was also shown that the percentage of state reachability in the URM with KCP conditions is higher than the URM mechanism without supporting KCP conditions.

Originality/value

The comparison of time and memory consumption of the model checking method shows that the social CRM-based service composition approach covers knowledge process features, which makes it an efficient method.

Details

Information Technology & People, vol. 32 no. 6
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/ITP-02-2018-0109
ISSN: 0959-3845

Keywords

  • User participation
  • Customer relationship management (CRM)
  • Social networking
  • Electronic mediated environment

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Article
Publication date: 4 November 2019

Reflective approach to improve self-adaptation of Web service compositions with autonomic middleware

Sihem Cherif, Raoudha Ben Djemaa and Ikram Amous

This paper aims to propose an approach for the self-adaptation of the Web composition called SAMIWA. The SAMIWA framework helps users during the search, invocation and…

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Abstract

Purpose

This paper aims to propose an approach for the self-adaptation of the Web composition called SAMIWA. The SAMIWA framework helps users during the search, invocation and composition of the appropriate Web service.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors’ approach allows expressing requirements by taking into account potential users’ context in addition to the functional one.

Findings

In this paper, the authors introduce a new context-aware approach that provides a dynamic adaptation of service compositions.

Originality/value

The author has implemented a Web application that enables selection and composition of the most appropriate composite service.

Details

International Journal of Pervasive Computing and Communications, vol. 15 no. 3/4
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPCC-01-2019-0001
ISSN: 1742-7371

Keywords

  • Self-adaptation
  • Middleware
  • SAMIWA
  • SABPEL
  • Dynamic context
  • Web service
  • Services composition
  • Context awareness

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Article
Publication date: 19 August 2019

A comprehensive framework for evaluating web services composition methods

Sarra Abidi, Myriam Fakhri, Mehrez Essafi and Henda Ben Ghazela

Web services composition engineering (WSCE) is a big challenge because of the increasing complexity, openness and extensibility of services based on the information system…

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Abstract

Purpose

Web services composition engineering (WSCE) is a big challenge because of the increasing complexity, openness and extensibility of services based on the information system (IS). In the absence of an adequate framework for IS engineering, the authors assume that the overall problem is consequently no longer easy to resolve. This paper aims to explore some of the issues underlying WSCE through a framework, which is built based on the state of the art. The proposed framework is structured around five views that mainly highlight aspects of personalization and security concerns. The main objectives of this framework are: to help understand and clarify the basics of the WSCE domain; to evaluate web services composition (WSC) methods; to analyze and compare existing personalization, secure methods and identify new research axes; and to identify the main criteria of the ongoing approach for the design of a secure IS based on personalized WSC.

Design/methodology/approach

This work develops a framework that is used as an analytical study to compare the existing WSCE methods and come up with research issues. Then, the proposed framework is considered as an abstract model for the new WSCE approach.

Findings

A set of criteria that the proposed framework should consider when developing a new approach to a secure IS based on personalized WSs composition.

Research limitations/implications

The paper has theoretical implications as the personalization and security issues provide a research roadmap toward the realization of an approach for the design of a secure IS based on personalized WSs composition.

Practical implications

As proof, the authors are interested in a web services repository of a real mall. To do this, the authors deployed the application in a cloud environment and observed the results of personalization and security concepts in WSCE.

Originality/value

None of the existing comparison frameworks has raised both personalization and security issues in WSs composition, while personalization and security must be present in the whole composition process.

Details

International Journal of Web Information Systems, vol. 15 no. 3
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJWIS-04-2018-0027
ISSN: 1744-0084

Keywords

  • Security
  • Dynamic
  • Engineering
  • Composition
  • Personalization
  • Information-system-design
  • Web-services

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Article
Publication date: 14 October 2019

Assessing students’ multimodal compositions: an analysis of the literature

Kate T. Anderson and Dani Kachorsky

This article presents an analysis of empirical literature on classroom assessment of students’ multimodal compositions to characterize the field and make recommendations…

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Abstract

Purpose

This article presents an analysis of empirical literature on classroom assessment of students’ multimodal compositions to characterize the field and make recommendations for teachers and researchers.

Design/methodology/approach

An interpretive synthesis of the literature related to practices and possibilities for assessing students’ multimodal compositions.

Findings

Findings present three overarching types of studies across the body of literature on assessment of student multimodal compositions: reshaping educational practices, promoting multiliteracies approaches to learning and evaluating students’ understanding and competence. These studies’ recommendations range along a continuum of more to less structural changes to “what counts” in classrooms.

Research limitations/implications

This review only considers studies published in English from 2000to 2019. Future studies could extend these parameters.

Practical implications

This analysis of the literature on assessing student multimodal compositions highlights foundational differences across studies’ purposes and offers guidance for educations seeking to revise their practices, whether their goals are more theoretical/philosophical, oriented toward reshaping classroom practice or focused on ways of measuring student understanding.

Social implications

Rethinking assessment can reshape educational practices to be more equitable, more theoretically commensurate with teachers’ beliefs and/or include more thorough and accurate measures of student understanding. Changes to any or all of these facets of educational practices can lead to continued discussion and change regarding the role of multimodal composition in teaching and learning.

Originality/value

This study fills a gap in the literature by considering what empirical studies suggest about why, how and what to assess with regard to multimodal compositions.

Details

English Teaching: Practice & Critique, vol. 18 no. 3
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/ETPC-11-2018-0092
ISSN: 1175-8708

Keywords

  • Assessment
  • English teaching
  • New literacies
  • Multimodality
  • Multiliteracies
  • Composition

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Article
Publication date: 20 December 2019

The dynamic impact of board composition on CSR practices and their mutual effect on organizational returns

Sitara Karim, Norlida Abdul Manab and Rusmawati Binti Ismail

The purpose of this paper is twofold. First, it aims to investigate the dynamic impact of board composition (board size, board independence and board diversity) on…

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Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is twofold. First, it aims to investigate the dynamic impact of board composition (board size, board independence and board diversity) on independent corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices (marketplace, environment, community and workplace). Second, it tends to examine the mutual effect of board composition and CSR practices on organizational returns (return on assets and Tobin’s Q) of 631 Malaysian PLCs listed on Bursa Malaysia during 2006-2017.

Design/methodology/approach

The dynamic model (system GMM) provided by Arellano and Bond (1991) and Arellano and Bover (1995) is used for estimations that control for potential dynamic endogeneity, reverse causality, unobserved heterogeneity and simultaneity problems.

Findings

Findings reveal weak linkage between board composition and CSR practices where only board diversity is found to be positively linked to marketplace practices of CSR. Further, the mutual impact of board composition and CSR practices on organizational returns suggests board size be positive and board independence to be negative with Tobin’s Q. Board diversity is negative with ROA and positive with Tobin’s Q. Conversely, CSR practices indicate marketplace practices are positive and community practices are negative with Tobin’s Q, environment practices are insignificant with performance, whereas workplace practices are positive with ROA and negative with Tobin’s Q.

Practical implications

This research is practically considerable for Bursa Malaysia, Securities Commission Malaysia, policymakers, stakeholders, investors and managers. For academia, the theoretical linkages between agency theory, resource dependence theory, resource-based view and stakeholder theory are highlighted. Moreover, methodological underpinnings are also novel for academicians as well as for practitioners.

Originality/value

The paper uncovers multiple aspects: first, it elaborates the dynamic relationship between board composition and CSR practices; second, it examines the combined effect of board composition and CSR practices on company’s accounting and market gains; finally, the study controls for dynamic endogeneity that is the main econometric problem for CG-CSR-performance relationships.

Details

Journal of Asia Business Studies, vol. 14 no. 4
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JABS-07-2019-0214
ISSN: 1558-7894

Keywords

  • Corporate social responsibility
  • Board composition
  • System GMM
  • Endogeneity
  • Organizational returns

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Article
Publication date: 20 June 2016

A QoS-aware approach for runtime discovery, selection and composition of semantic web services

Sanjay Garg, Kirit Modi and Sanjay Chaudhary

Web services play vital role in the development of emerging technologies such as Cloud computing and Internet of Things. Although, there is a close relationship among the…

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Abstract

Purpose

Web services play vital role in the development of emerging technologies such as Cloud computing and Internet of Things. Although, there is a close relationship among the discovery, selection and composition tasks of Web services, research community has treated these challenges at individual level rather to focus on them collectively for developing efficient solution, which is the purpose of this work. This paper aims to propose an approach to integrate the service discovery, selection and composition of Semantic Web services on runtime basis.

Design/methodology/approach

The proposed approach defined as a quality of service (QoS)-aware approach is based on QoS model to perform discovery, selection and composition tasks at runtime to enhance the user satisfaction and quality guarantee by incorporating non-functional parameters such as response time and throughput with the Web services and user request. In this paper, the proposed approach is based on ontology for semantic description of Web services, which provides interoperability and automation in the Web services tasks.

Findings

This work proposed an integrated framework of Web service discovery, selection and composition which supports end user to search, select and compose the Web services at runtime using semantic description and non-functional requirements. The proposed approach is evaluated by various data sets from the Web Service Challenge 2009 (WSC-2009) to show the efficiency of this work. A use case scenario of Healthcare Information System is implemented using proposed work to demonstrate the usability and requirement the proposed approach.

Originality/value

The main contribution of this paper is to develop an integrated approach of Semantic Web services discovery, selection and composition by using the non-functional requirements.

Details

International Journal of Web Information Systems, vol. 12 no. 2
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJWIS-12-2015-0040
ISSN: 1744-0084

Keywords

  • Semantic web
  • Web services
  • Semantic web services
  • Service discovery
  • Service selection
  • Web services composition

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