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Work on the design and implementation for solar homes has been expanded to the community scale in several international projects. If low-carbon emission housing is to make an impact on citywide consumption of energy, we must move towards community-scale implementation of solar technologies, both in new housing developments and in existing ones. However, the uptake of solar communities requires new methods for implementation to promote innovation in the building industry, new policies and programmes on energy consumption and energy subsidies, as well as community-scale design guidelines for solar or other renewable technologies.

This research surveys the implementation process of selected solar community projects in Netherlands, United States and Canada. It looks at new policies and programmes that are promoting community-scale solar projects from the perspective of innovation in the building industry. It examines the various actors that are necessary for solar communities within an urban planning framework and identifies five main actor groups.

Using an integrodifferential approach to steady‐state skin effect problems, the current density distribution in straight flat conductors is solved by the finite‐element method. The approach takes into account a combination of one‐dimensional finite elements corresponding to the flat conductors and triangular finite elements for the remaining domain outside conductors. The results obtained for a flat conductor placed inside a ferromagnetic medium are compared with analytical solutions provided by finite Fourier transforms. As a final output, besides current density distribution, one can calculate parameters useful to designers such a a.c. resistance and reactance of the straight flat conductors.

This article describes the fundamental principles of an electronic digital computer with special reference to a simple serial machine which is taken for illustration. Short descriptions are given of a mercury delay line memory, the binary number system, circuits for performing arithmetical operations and a simple computer together with its input and output equipment. A simple example is considered and the coding and method of solution in the computer are described. Finally, the requirements for a full scale computer are discussed. A bibliography is given.

The paper presents a numerical version of a method which makes it possible to calculate any quasi‐stationary two‐dimensional field in non‐ferromagnetic conductors of limited cross‐sections for unknown boundary conditions on the conductor surfaces. The principle of the method depends on the application of a finite‐element network within the current region and the method of variable division within the no‐current region. The conditions of the continuity of the vector potential and the continuity of the tangential component of the magnetic induction vector are considered in the form of functions defined by the Bubnov‐Galerkin method. Since the separation of the variables is used in the region without current, it is easy to satisfy the conditions at infinity for different types of input. The shapes of the conductors in the current region are, on the other hand, illustrated by discretization by means of the finite element method. An example of the application of the method for two‐dimensional analysis of power losses in two thick solid circular conductors placed in a sinusoidally varying transverse field is presented. Plots of power losses were drawn based on numerical computation.

Previous work has suggested that the adhesion between oil and metallic surfaces of an engine could be an important factor in determining crankcase cleanliness. It can be shown that it is only necessary to measure the spreading pressure of an oil on metal in order to get a direct measure of the work of adhesion, Surface tensions of lubrictaing oils vary very little and it can be assumed that the critical film pressure (C.F.P.) obtained with a given apparatus is an acceptable measure of the work of adhesion as well as of the spreading pressure. Oils of similar properties may vary tenfold in their C.F.P's. The addition of additives influences the spreading pressure, the largest increments in C.F.P. being given by dispersant and detergent additives.

A simulation of the motion of molten aluminium inside an electrolytic cell is presented. Since the driving term of the aluminium motion is the Lorentz (j × B) body force acting within the fluid,this problem involves the solution of the magneto‐hydro‐dynamic equations. Different solver modules for the magnetic field computation and for the fluid motion simulation are coupled together. The interactions of all these are presented and discussed.

This chapter establishes a path to rebuilding business and regenerating society in Peru, focusing on the limitations and opportunities for recovery following COVID-19, from the perspective of mitigating the effects of climate change and biodiversity loss. The study is divided into five sections. First the Peruvian context and background are introduced. Next, the position of Peru in the 2030 Agenda is outlined. The third section describes the research methodology, followed by a discussion of the results in the fourth section, analysing how to overcome negative trade-offs and achieve the best possible balanced scenario. Finally, the fifth section offers recommendations and insights for policymakers.

This chapter presents results of a research project in which we give direction to the further design of the technical research that will lay the foundation for an automated digital feedback module. This module will help residents in saving energy and making home improvements in the context of the heat/energy transition. Interviews with residents and field experts were used to gain data about motivations and barriers residents experience when making home adjustments in the heat transition. Results reveal the experiences residents have in this transition. Based on the results, recommendations are made for the further development of an automated digital feedback module.

Sustainable development calls for concerted efforts towards building an inclusive, sustainable and resilient future for people and planet. The approach that considers sustainable development as the fight against poverty, through the promotion of a sustainable and equitable economy, as the attempt to reduce polluting emissions to promote environmental protection and as the satisfaction of social goals to increase the well-being of populations is adopted. Sustainability development is therefore a complex and subjective concept, considering the three dimensions that define the phenomenon: economic, environmental and social.

The authors have chosen subjective variables, which provide information on the perception of the ‘sustainable development’ in the European countries. Data come from the database of ‘Eurofound’, the European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions. The authors applied a formative measurement model, according to which indicators are considered as the cause of the phenomenon analysed, unlike with the reflective model. To conduct the quantitative analysis, the authors have adopted a non-compensatory approach: Mazziotta and Pareto index which summarising a set of individual indicators that are assumed to be not fully substitutable. The authors place at the centre of the analysis, variables deriving from the perceptive state of the different European populations, offering new hints to measure sustainable development on the basis of subjective assumptions.

This paper reviews and compares the methods of kinetic heat simulation which may be used simultaneously with normal loading in structural tests of aircraft or components. Basic data on the quantities involved in and the limitations of the various techniques are given. An extensive bibliography of current literature on heat technology is provided.