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This paper aims to identify the appropriate model to address the financial challenges in agricultural sector in Zanzibar. Since the middle of 1960, clove production has continually and significantly decreased because of some problems and challenges that include financial ones. The financial intermediaries such as banks, cooperatives and micro-enterprises provide micro-financing to the farmers with high interest rates along with collateral requirements. The numerous programmes, measures and policies adopted by the relevant parties to find out the solutions to the dwindling clove production have failed.

The authors will review and examine several existing financial models, identify the issues and challenges of the current financial models and propose an appropriate Islamic financing model.

The numerous programmes, measures and policies adopted by the relevant parties to find out the solutions to the dwindling clove production have failed. This study, therefore, proposed a Waqf-Muzara’ah-supply chain model to address the financial challenge. Partnership arrangement is also suggested in the model to mitigate the issues of high interest rates and collateral that constrains the financial ability of the farmers and their agricultural output.

The contribution of the agricultural sector to the economic development of Zanzibar Islands is considerable. As one of the important agricultural sectors, the clove industry was the economic backbone of the government of Zanzibar. This study is believed to be a pioneering work; hence, it is the first study that investigates empirically the challenges facing the clove industry in Zanzibar.

The objective of this study is to estimate leakages in tourism systems. More precisely, the study aims to investigate the sources of the annual requirements in the resorts and to identify the triggers for leakages in tourism systems in Zanzibar. It then seeks to explore the challenges that operators face when sourcing the inputs locally. Likewise the study seeks to trace the distribution channel of the tourists arriving in Zanzibar from generating markets.

Interviews involving 150 resorts were conducted during 2010 in the island of Unguja, where almost 97 percent of Zanzibar's resorts are found. Both quantitative and qualitative methods of analysis were employed.

The findings reveal massive internal (import‐coefficient leakages) and external leakages that only 16 percent of the resort requirements are sourced within Zanzibar. Unreliable capacity in terms of quantity and quality of the local supplies are among the leading factors that trigger high leakages. Most resorts in Zanzibar are owned, managed and operated by non‐locals. Tourism in this archipelago is revolving around the beach product; whereby the direct charter inclusive tourists, mainly from Europe, dictate the tourism channels. Nevertheless, a number of tourists buy pre‐arranged tours to Zanzibar as an “add‐on” to their mainland Tanzania safaris.

This study lays out the case for the need for more local linkages in the supply chain by revealing the extent to which the accommodation sector depends upon imported as opposed to local goods and services. Practical strategies to minimize leakages are proposed.

An abundance of literature has been written on linkages and leakages in tourism in several destinations. The same amount of work has yet to be done in sub‐Saharan Africa. The choice of Zanzibar is therefore justified.

The study is specifically aimed at understanding the extent of fuel wood consumption for cooking and the adoption of improved charcoal stoves as a policy option toward reducing the consumption of fuel wood in urban sectors.

Both primary and secondary data were used. Primary data were collected by use of structured questionnaires, interviews and direct field observation. The statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) was used to analyze data. Based on the research plan, a total of 120 individual households were randomly selected and interviewed.

The results of the analysis suggested that the majority of people still cook using traditional stoves which consume a great deal of wood to the extent of deteriorating forest resources. Since conventional fuels remain remote for the majority, improved charcoal stoves are perceived as a real option for reducing consumption of wood fuel in urban area and thus arresting the rate of deforestation. However, this can only be realized if the improved charcoal stoves are widely adopted within social systems. Adoption itself results from a series of individual or any unit of adoption to begin using the new stoves. Poor quality of the improved stoves, costs, information and education about the stoves are major factors for the failure to adopt improved charcoal stoves in urban Zanzibar.

The need to revive improved charcoal stoves programs and exploration of alternative sources of energy have been recommended in order to reduce the pressure over forest resources induced by the great demand for fuel wood in urban Zanzibar.

Histories of the development of tourism have suggested that the most likely process at work is that of diffusion whereby new, and usually more exotic, locations are ‘discovered’ by the rich and privileged only for such locations to be later usurped by the development of mass tourism (1). Thus, yet newer and more ‘exclusive’ locations have to be sought by the relatively better‐off tourist. As the Mediterranean has become increasingly accessible to the mass tourist markets of Western Europe and North America there has been a parallel growth of the industry in the Caribbean, the Far East and the Pacific to cater for this smaller but no less significant ‘exclusive’ demand. More recently, the Indian Ocean has also seen tourist development, although in a limited number of locations. Given the continued growth of leisure in the developed world and the restless search for alternative exotic holiday destinations on the part of tour operators and developers, it seems likely that the Indian Ocean could become a major international focus for tourism development up to the end of the twentieth century.

This paper aims to explore how the gendered division of labour in construction sites in Zanzibar influences earnings, resource ownership and wellbeing of female and male construction workers.

Case studies were made in five construction sites in Zanzibar where informal interviews and questionnaires were used to collect information; a total of 150 construction workers participated.

Finds that through the gendered division, women are subordinated; and that the social position of women, subjects women to a vicious cycle that hampers acquisition of construction skills.

The research has limited itself to Zanzibar, a society with an influence of Arab culture. Future research in other cultures could be of interest in order to investigate the influence of culture on such studies.

Women need to acquire technical training that would improve their employment situation. Women working on construction sites should not consider themselves as compelled to be in a “fit‐in situation” rather they should reject discriminatory values. The acquisition of construction skills and training should be a strong initiative from women themselves.

This paper establishes how gendered divisions of labour in construction sites influences earning, resource ownership and wellbeing of female and male site workers.

This study offers insights on the sustainable development goals (SDGs) initiatives of five international hotels, namely, Ibis Getafe, NH Hotels, Occidental Hotels and Resorts, Mariposa Hotel and the Zanzibar Collection. The objective is to show how hoteliers around the world engage in sustainable action. The paper mainly focuses on the Zanzibar Collection, where one of the co-authors served as a hotel general manager.

The paper draws on case studies and the narratives that are based on one of the co-authors’ life experiences. Data is derived from a number of case studies which are analysed in an exploratory and descriptive way.

The findings show that the hotel sector is committed to the SDG, but there are variations in the ways hotels address the SDGs. Based on the findings, it would seem that the hotels studied cover most of the SDGs, as they are seen contributing in the three main spheres of sustainability, namely, the economy, society and the environment.

The five hotels profiled are engaged in responsible action that is sustainable and reduces the ecological impact. These actions have a positive impact on guests, staff and hoteliers. The findings may serve as guidance to hotels which have not yet committed to implementing the SDG goals.

The purpose of this paper is to explore local residents' perceptions of sustainability of different festivals making festival portfolio in Zanzibar.

The study used multiqualitative methods and comparative case analysis that made use of in-depth interviews, observation and focus group discussion as the data collection techniques. Thematic content analysis was used to describe festivals from residents' point of views.

The results indicate residents to perceive two broader types of festivals: Ours and Theirs that have different impacts on sustainability of the festivals.

The ours and theirs dichotomy of festivals from residents' perspectives extends the conceptualization of festivals. In line with the event portfolio framework, the emerged types of festival aid event planners with understanding and managing the events with the aim of making the festival and the destinations sustainable.

The bifurcated perception of festival ownership provides a complimentary theoretical lens that can be applied to explain the festival workings and management that emphasize the need for places to have festival portfolio catering for different segments.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of culture on information security in a developing country's view.

Two questionnaires adopted from the GLOBE project and OCAI were used to collect quantitative data on national and organisational culture. Also, a face to face semi‐structured interview was used to get insight into deep‐rooted issues concerning information security in the study environment. In addition, a previous study was used to find correlation of the data in this study.

The findings show that national culture has more influence than organisation culture on information security. We find that the dimensions that influence information security are Power Distance, Uncertainty Avoidance, In‐Group Collectivism, and Future Orientation.

This research was conducted in a public sector environment with employees thereby limiting external validity. Also, the population of the survey was small to make a generalisation of the findings. Also, the length of the questionnaire and complexity of questions put off many potential respondents.

Culture has impact on information security implementation and therefore the results imply that some consideration should be given when implementing information security models.

This study is important because it empirically correlates information security with cultural dimensions in a developing country's environment.

This paper reports on a questionnaire survey of 300 heroin users in Zanzibar town, in Tanzania. It was found that about 13% of respondents were current injectors of heroin, but that 38% of respondents reported have ‘ever injected’ heroin. Many injectors reported hiding their needles and syringes and almost half of them had shared their equipment during the past four weeks. Most of the respondents reported that they had not had sexual intercourse during the past four weeks. Of those who were sexually active most reported not having used a condom the last time they had intercourse. These findings highlight the need for a wider recognition of the extent of heroin use in East Africa as well as the urgent need to provide harm reduction and treatment services.

This paper aims to evaluate the “Janus-faced” character and causes of overtourism to propose recommendations to tackle such a phenomenon.

A case study analysis approach is adopted for this study. Studies of practitioners are presented and reflected upon with reference to academic literature on overtourism.

The study presents practical examples from Haiti, Nicaragua and Zanzibar. Tourism practitioners’ studies on overtourism are presented and general recommendations on tackling overtourism are proposed.

This study will be of interest to tourism practitioners and Destination Marketing Organisations (DMOs) worldwide who seek understanding of the overtourism phenomenon and the associated negative impacts. The study provides useful recommendations that can be used in similar situations of overtourism.

The paper extends understanding of overtourism causes and consequences. While overtourism is generally looked at from impact studies, this paper argues the urgent need for solutions to tackle the phenomenon.