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Gives introductory remarks about chapter 1 of this group of 31 papers, from ISEF 1999 Proceedings, in the methodologies for field analysis, in the electromagnetic community. Observes that computer package implementation theory contributes to clarification. Discusses the areas covered by some of the papers ‐ such as artificial intelligence using fuzzy logic. Includes applications such as permanent magnets and looks at eddy current problems. States the finite element method is currently the most popular method used for field computation. Closes by pointing out the amalgam of topics.

To model a bargaining environment where the tactic of qualitative commitment (staking a principle) can have a demonstrably strong effect.

Amend the two‐person alternating offers model due to Rubinstein to include simultaneously pre‐announced stakes, and a mechanism for altering agents' utilities by reference to substantial costs of “surrendering a principle” (capitulation costs). Identify all stationary, pure strategy equilibria. Isolate subgame perfect Nash equilibria (SPNE).

SPNE is unique and offers efficient re‐allocation. For high enough capitulation costs, gains at equilibrium (relative to the bench‐mark game without commitment) result to the first‐mover. The shift in the equilibrium allocation is linear in cost.

Symmetric fixed capitulation costs were assumed. Surrender of principle required introduction of discontinuities in the cost function (zero or fixed cost). No gradation of the cost was considered. Future directions could involve discovering what distortions are created by asymmetric costs, by gradations and from smoothing out of the discontinuity.

Practical implications at best point to the potential rewards available from identifying and introducing a high‐cost commitment tactics in a bargaining context.

The innovation is in the use of an explicit bargaining apparatus to examine the commitment tactic (previous research used an axiomatic treatment of bargaining), and in offering a model for the notion of a qualitative commitment. The result about the qualitative shift in the equilibrium is also new. The paper is thus a contribution to the understanding of how an agent may seek to influence the outcome of a game such as “divide the pie (the resource)” through the manufacture/introduction of a factor outside the original game.

A recent trend in the study of poverty is to consider a relative poverty line, one that is responsive to the nature of the income distribution. We develop an axiomatic approach to the determination of an amalgam poverty line. Given a reference income (e.g., the mean or the median), the amalgam poverty line becomes a weighted average of the absolute poverty line and the reference income, where the weights depend on the policy maker’s preferences for aggregating the two components. The paper ends with an empirical illustration comparing urban and rural areas in the People’s Republic of China and India.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the two-dimensional blood flow in the artery slant from the axis at an angle with mild stenosis under the joint effects of the electro-osmotic, magnetic field, chemical reaction and porosity using a new analytical method. In addition, the mathematical model presented by the researchers Tripathi and Sharma (2018c) was successfully developed by adding the effect of electro-osmosis and studying the impact of the new addition in the developed model on blood flow.

A new analytical method was used to find the analytical approximate solutions of two-dimensional blood flow in artery slant from the axis at an angle with mild stenosis. This technique is based on integrating the Akbari-Ganji and the homotopy perturbation methods.

The results of axial velocity, concentration, temperature and the wall shear stress for blood flow were analyzed in the cases of the absence and presence of electro-osmosis. Furthermore, in these two states of electro-osmosis, a contour plot was created to show the difference in the profile of velocity to the flow of blood when the magnetic field was increased and the altitude of stenosis was increased. The results showed that the new technique is effective and has high accuracy to determine the analytical approximate solutions of two-dimensional blood flow in artery slant from the axis at an angle with mild stenosis. The validity, utility and necessity of the new method were illustrated from the graphs of the new solutions; in addition, there is an excellent agreement with the results of previous studies.

This paper focuses on developing the mathematical model which was presented by the researchers Tripathi and Sharma (2018c), by adding the effect of the electro-osmosis to it, which has been successfully developed. According to the authors’ modest information, the new system has not been studied before. This current problem is solved by using an innovative approach known as the Akbari-Ganji homotopy perturbation method (AGHPM) which has not been used before in two cases: the presence and absence of the effect of electro-osmosis. This new technique afford new with effective and has high accuracy results. Furthermore, the new study (i.e. adding effect of electro-osmosis) with the applications of (variable viscosity, magnetic field, chemical reaction and porosity) illustrated the importance of applying electro-osmosis and how doctors can benefit from it during surgeries through proper use.

The purpose of this paper is to provide an outline for conceptualizing an unprecedented factor responsible for awesome success or awful failure of every managerial course of action (COA). This typical factor is coined as “the unforeseen or unknown chance cause” (z) in this paper which aims at focusing on the constant interaction between known causes and z that resultantly shape failure or success of a COA.

The approach to this critical topic is primarily based on the method of simple demonstration of z along with its main contender, knowledge factor, following the method of elementary geometric configurations for lucid representation. Finally, this study advocates a regulatory method which may help chief executive officers (CEOs) in their dealings with z in a proactive manner.

The outcomes of this course of research are: first, there are some unique features of z, namely, omnipresence, variability and regularity. Second, it is the tolerance limit factor (TLF) which, if properly empowered by knowledge quality, can regulate z. Third, management by chance (MBC), philosophically, is an eternal journey to the unforeseeable land of z.

This study enlightens the following new and original thoughts which are equally important for academics and for practitioners. First, z is no longer an exogenous factor as commonly believed, rather it dwells in the core of a firm's survival. Next, the pivotal point is identifying z promptly without any excuse. Finally, only z can provide freedom of thoughts otherwise impossible in this computerized internet bound world.

With the increasing mobile activity of the Generation Z market (born after 1994), marketers’ interest in this social group is rising. This research paper aims to uncover the relatively unknown attitudes and behaviour of the youth market in an emerging market, South Africa, towards branded mobile applications (apps). Previous studies on mobile marketing have focused on Generation X and Generation Y and generally with a quantitative focus.

This study is based on the theoretical framework of the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology model 2. The study used a qualitative framework with stratified focus groups, aged between 18 and 21 years old at a private tertiary institution in South Africa.

The findings indicate that these South African Gen Z participants mainly used WhatsApp, Instagram, Facebook, Uber and Snapchat. The participants had more positive than negative attitudes towards mobile apps. The findings also showed that privacy was a major concern for the participant’s attitudes and behaviour towards mobile apps. The findings supported the UTAUT2 model, but also discovered new themes. As a recommendation, the issue of privacy and its effect on mobile app adoption is a factor to be researched in the future. The research also provides recommendations for marketers and app developers.

This study was of a qualitative nature, and thus, the sample size was smaller than that of a quantitative study. Future research could add to this study by increasing the sample size and adding a quantitative method such as surveys.

Marketers of mobile apps targeted towards the Gen Z market should aim to be convenient for their users, as well as be entertaining, functional, time-efficient while avoiding excessive in-app adverts, being honest upfront about their pricing strategy, incorporate an element of connectivity into the app and respect their privacy. This paper also provides practical recommendations for mobile app developers (targeted towards Gen Z users) including minimising notifications and updates within the app, developing a mobile app that requires less usage of data (due to the high expense of data in South Africa for the price-conscious Gen Z market) as well as less usage of memory space on the phone and incorporating universal symbols within the mobile app.

This study supported the UTAUT2 model effects of performance and effort expectancy, social influence, facilitating conditions, hedonic motivation, price value and habit on the behavioural intention of users towards a new technology, i.e. GenZ students’ attitudes and behaviour towards branded mobile apps in South Africa. However, an additional condition was discovered in this study, i.e. privacy and its impact on the attitudes and behaviour of GenZ mobile app users. Therefore, this study extends the UTAUT2 model framework. Furthermore, this study uses a qualitative design, which has not been used in previous studies, with a focus on the under-researched Gen Z market, and in particular in an emerging market, such as South Africa.

Different axiomatizations of network theory are considered. Kirchhoff networks are regarded with priority. Multipole and multiport networks are introduced as alternative variants. Additionally, Minty and Paynter networks, which are always dualizable are discussed briefly. The latter are special cases of Kirchhoff as well as of multiport networks. This paper seeks to discuss these issues.

The paper develops network theory inside of set theory, i.e. networks, multipoles, etc. are defined as objects of set theory. As such objects we use preferably ordered pairs, ordered triples, etc. The objects of network theory are then separated from the class of all these set theoretical objects by means of some defining conditions. These conditions are the axioms of our approaches to network theory.

It is shown that all presented variants of axiomatizations can be developed on the basis of a uniform representation for the time functions for voltages and currents. All these variants allow interdisciplinary applications of network theory and they can be generalized to multidimensional networks. An interesting byproduct is the relationship between multiport networks, networks in Belevitch normal form, Paynter networks, and bond graphs.

For applications it is essential that Kirchhoff and multipole networks are with respect to their modeling capability of equal value. But from the foundational point of view the multipole terminology has a number of crucial disadvantages compared with that based on Kirchhoff networks. This fact is important both for the conception of circuit simulation software packages and for the development of basic circuit theory curricula.

Discusses the 27 papers in ISEF 1999 Proceedings on the subject of electromagnetisms. States the groups of papers cover such subjects within the discipline as: induction machines; reluctance motors; PM motors; transformers and reactors; and special problems and applications. Debates all of these in great detail and itemizes each with greater in‐depth discussion of the various technical applications and areas. Concludes that the recommendations made should be adhered to.

Presents an investigation of some aspects of the axiomization of conditional independence of probability. Contributes to the understanding of Pearl's completeness conjecture and identifies a direction for revision which could remove some of the difficulties of Pearl's axiom set, but this alternative is not without its own difficulties. This approach largely simplifies the definition of conditional independence. Then shows the completeness conjecture to be incorrect by presenting counter examples; a new axiom based on the counter examples follows. Discusses the reason for the conjecture being incorrect. Notes that an alternative conjecture could be suggested, but this raises many new questions and increases complexity. Finally, shows that “the disjointness condition on variable sets” is in fact necessary. Concludes that while the axiomization of conditional independence has attractions, it is probably too complex to be pragmatic. Suggests an alternative way forward in inexact reasoning.

The current research aimed to investigate the external enablement role of Digital Infrastructures (DI) in the interplay of entrepreneurial cognitions and innovation.

Data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) and Digital Economy and Society Index (DESI) were used for analyses. This yielded a sample of 8,601 Generation Z entrepreneurs operating in 25 European countries.

Applying hierarchical moderated regressions showed that socio-cognitive components of an entrepreneurial mindset (self-efficacy, risk propensity, opportunity identification) affect innovation among Generation Z entrepreneurs. More importantly, DI plays an external enablement role in the interplay of cognitions and innovation among Generation Z entrepreneurs.

This study contributes to the socio-cognitive theory of entrepreneurship by integrating an external enablement perspective into the study of cognitions and entrepreneurial outcomes (here, innovation). It contributes to the digital technology perspective of entrepreneurship by connecting the conversation about the socio-cognitive perspective of entrepreneurship regarding the role of cognitions in innovation to the conversation in information systems (IS) regarding technology affordances and constraints. This study extends the application of the external enabler framework to the post-entry stage of entrepreneurial activity and integrates a generational perspective into it.