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This study aims to make a distinction between two types of authenticity (indexical vs iconic), the influence of both of which on the consumer’s inference of companies’ corporate social responsibility (CSR) motivation is determined. Meanwhile, the consumer inference of CSR activities can be affected by the situational context within which the CSR activities are contained. Therefore, the effect of the interaction between the authenticity type and the given social distance (based on the construal level theory) was also examined.

The study conducted a 2 × 2 between-subjects design experiment to examine the effects of authenticity type (indexical/iconic) and social distance (close/distant) on the perceived motive of the CSR information in a scenario.

The findings showed significant main effect of authenticity type but no significant main effect of social distance on persuasion knowledge. Participants in the indexical authenticity condition perceived a higher degree of persuasion knowledge than the participants in the iconic authenticity condition. Social distance moderated the effect of authenticity type such that for indexical authenticity, there was a significant difference on persuasion knowledge when the social distance was large. However, for iconic authenticity, the perception of persuasion knowledge was not significantly different between a large distance and a close distance.

The study identified the type of authenticity that is mainly perceived as a result of CSR activities and also determined its relation to the social distance dimension to infer a firm’s CSR motives.

The purpose of this paper is to confirm the causal relationship, in an upward social comparison, of envy, loneliness and subjective well-being (SWB). Particularly, the authors address the mediating roles, each, of benign envy (BE) and malicious envy (ME) as different types of envy. In addition, the authors explore the grandiosity of users, in terms of narcissistic personalities, and whether it has discriminatory impacts on this causal relationship.

The authors re-enacted a situation that users confront on Facebook as a quasi-experiment to determine if there is an effectual relationship among variables in the path of upward comparison, envy, loneliness and SWB. First, the authors divided envy into BE and ME to examine its mediating role in the path of upward comparison and loneliness. Second, the authors examined the differentiated effects of both kinds of envy and loneliness on SWB. Finally, the authors determined if users’ grandiose, narcissistic behaviour has moderating effects on the path of each variable.

The results revealed that upward comparison has a positive effect on both kinds of envy; however, in the path of loneliness, only ME operated and played a mediating role. Furthermore, grandiosity had a partially significant moderating effect.

This study has the following theoretical implications. The mediating effect of envy was identified in the path of upward comparison, loneliness and SWB. Research limitation is as follows: this study could not effectively reflect individual differences. It is necessary to include individual difference variables in later research, including characteristics of social comparison.

This study has the following practical implications. Social comparison on Facebook poses a more serious problem than it does offline; therefore, users need to protect their own SWB. If users can actively cope with the information of others and selectively choose their upward comparison targets, they can reduce their loneliness and improve their SWB as expected in the hypotheses.

The “unfriending” events that occur on Facebook may be explained by the mediating phenomenon of ME. The research showed that the excessive narcissism of users on Facebook is an inconsistent information with real selves of users, thus triggering the ME, which causes avoidance from other Facebook users.

The authors have proven that social comparison and envy emotion are the causes of the loneliness, while the authors are on Facebook. Especially, the mediation role of BE and ME are discussed in a distinguished manner. Also, the authors confirmed that the influence of narcissism could further aggravate the problem of loneliness. Finally, the authors found that the variables of the study also affect the SWB of the Facebook user.

The initiation and growth of wrinkles are influenced by many factors such as stress ratios, the mechanical properties of the sheet material, the geometry of the workpiece, contact condition, etc. It is difficult to analyze wrinkling initiation and growth while considering all the factors because the effects of the factors are very complex and studies of wrinkling behavior may show a wide scattering of data even for small deviations in factors. The finite element analyses of wrinkling initiation and growth in sheet metal forming process provide detailed information about the wrinkling behavior of sheet metal. The direct analysis of wrinkling initiation and growth, however, brings about a little difficulty in complex industrial problems because it requires large memory size and long computation time. From the industrial viewpoint of tooling design, therefore, readily available information on the possibility and location of wrinkling is sometimes more preferable to detailed and time‐consuming analysis results. In the present study, in order to give such readily available information on wrinkling initiation, the wrinkling factor, which shows the locations and relative possibility of wrinkling initiation, is proposed as a convenient tool of relative wrinkling estimation based on the energy criterion. The reliability of the wrinkling factor is verified through the buckling analyses of sheet strips. The location and relative possibility of wrinkling initiation are predicted by calculating the wrinkling factor in various sheet metal forming processes such as cylindrical cup deep drawing, spherical cup deep drawing, and elliptical cup deep drawing. Finally, the wrinkling factor proposed in the present study is also implemented in the prediction of wrinkling in the door inner stamping process. For verification of the calculated wrinkling factor, detailed zone analyses with fine meshes are carried out for the regions where wrinkling is predicted.

The incremental radial forging process employs several tens or hundreds of incremental local strokes, so that the entire process is difficult to analyze due to large computation time and large computer memory. The objective of this work is to propose a new numerical scheme of the finite element method, automatic expansion of domain (AED), to reduce computation time and computer memory. In the AED scheme, an effective analysis domain in each local forging step is defined and then the domain is automatically expanded in accordance with the repeated process. In order to verify the validity of the criterion for the AED scheme and the applicability of the AED scheme, two‐dimensional incremental plane‐strain forging process is first analyzed using the proposed scheme with various criteria and full domain. In addition, three‐dimensional incremental radial forging process is analyzed to verify the applicability of the proposed scheme to a practical incremental forging process.

In the finite element analysis of a hot forging process with hexahedral elements, flash region is difficult to analyze because of the thin shape. In this paper, a hot forging process is effectively analyzed by constructing a locally fine mesh in the flash region.

When remeshing is decided by an error estimation and flash is generated, the boundary patch of the mesh is constructed and expanded in the normal direction of the flash region. After hexahedral mesh is constructed in the expanded patch with master grid approach, the boundary patch is compressed to the original shape and the nodes in the boundary are moved to the relative position of the boundary patch. Then, a locally fine mesh is constructed in the flash region. The quality of mesh on the boundary is again improved by adding surface element layer. Therefore, the hot forging process can be effectively analyzed by constructing the adaptive hexahedral mesh in the flash region.

The results show that the locally fine mesh can be constructed in the hexahedral mesh generation procedure by constructing mesh in the expanded patch and compressing the mesh according to the original boundary patch without affecting the compatibility of element. Then, it is applied to the analysis of a hot forging process and it has been shown that the analysis result of the proposed technique can save the analysis time remarkably relative to that of the fine mesh, while maintaining the analysis accuracy of the fine mesh.

In the finite element analysis of a hot forging process, the flash region is very difficult to analyze because it is difficult to construct locally fine mesh with hexahedral elements. A new adaptive mesh generation technique using hexahedral elements is suggested to overcome such difficulty and applied to the analysis of a hot forging process.

An easy and robust grid‐based approach is proposed to construct the fully hexahedral mesh in three‐dimensional case and its application for the mesh regeneration or remeshing during the finite element simulation of a metal forming process is presented to show the validity and effectiveness of the scheme. The proposed scheme enables the construction of the provisional mesh by superimposing the regular cubical grid over the object to be meshed and removing the exterior grid points and cells. Because the constructed provisional mesh has the discrete rugged boundary that is quite different from the boundary geometry of the object to be meshed, the nodes on the boundary of the provisional mesh are projected onto the object boundary. The main disadvantage of the mesh constructed by grid‐based approaches is its severely distorted elements on the boundary owing to the projection of the rugged boundary onto the object boundary. In order to improve the quality of boundary elements, some layers of elements on the boundary surface are constructed and the nodes are repositioned by mesh smoothing. Consequently, the quality of boundary elements is effectively improved.

In the finite element analysis of a hot forging process, it is difficult to design an optimal preform because of highly nonlinear characteristics of design variables. In this paper, a new preform design method which can reduce the forming load and the die wear by removing the flash is developed and applied to the pre form design of a piston.

After finite element analyses of hot forging processes, if the final product is found to have excessive flash and cause high die wear, a new preform design technique, so‐called iterative preform design technique is applied to obtain an optimal preform design. From the results of FE simulations, a boundary region at the outlet of the flash is first selected. Then, by tracing the section along the deformation path to the initial billet, it is possible to obtain a mapped section boundary in the initial billet. After updating the initial shape by removing the exterior region of the mapped section boundary, a finite element simulation is carried out with the updated initial shape. Iterations should be continued until a desired result is obtained.

It has been confirmed that the proposed preform design technique has a negligible effect on the initial forgeability of the workpiece. It is expected that the tool life will be increased, because the forming load and die wear are reduced as the number of iterations are increased. Moreover, because the preform design reduces the flash, it thereby reduces the waste of material.

In the 3D finite element analysis of a hot forging process, several optimal preform design techniques have been developed. However, it is difficult to use the techniques in general problems because it is difficult to formulate cost functions, which mainly depend on the experience and physical insight of the designer. In addition, tremendous time is consumed in optimizing a problem as a large number of iterations are required in minimizing the objective function. The proposed preform design technique is simple enough to apply to general hot forging problems involving excessive flash. The proposed preform design technique is an offline method and easy to apply to any other analysis program, including commercial programs.