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This study aims to reveal the differential concentration corrosion (DCC) mechanism, which has been ignored by researchers for a long time.

The ionic conductive layer near the pipe wall was extracted and discretized. In the case of DCC, the equations of corrosion potential after polarization in units are derived according to Kirchhoff’s Law. By solving these equations, the corrosion potential and current on situation of DCC are calculated.

DCC can change origin distribution of (nature) potential and current greatly; it will cause polarization. The positions with original lower corrosion potential will produce anodic polarization; meanwhile, the speed of corrosion also increases; the position with original higher corrosion potential will produce cathodic polarization, and the corrosion current is also decreased. Generally speaking, the potential will be homogenized by DCC mechanism.

This model makes an in-depth analysis of the traditional FAC theory, greatly supplements it and enriches the theory.

The essence of “Chinese element” has been pinpointed as the representation of national cultural archetype resource of China, which reflects to the overall power enhancement of China. Applying the Chinese national cultural archetype resource, which will be used for promoting the Chinese Brand internationalization, aims for the consumers' approval with the hope of integrating and spreading the unique cultural advantage of Chinese brand. The recognizing of Chinese brand's cultural archetype in this paper has constituted the basis of Chinese brand's cultural archetype strategy.

Based on the Grounded Theory, this paper has collected and analyzed the value symbols, character images and theme stories of Chinese narrative advertisements and constructed the cultural archetype framework of Chinese brands. This paper makes a comprehensive application of Charmaz's constructivist analysis and the main axis analysis and inspection method advocated by Strauss, with the aim of building a more objective and systematic theoretical framework for the Chinese brand cultural archetype.

In this framework, it revealed: (1) Chinese brand's cultural archetype can be divided into 12 concrete archetypes according to individual's relationship with self, the other, community and nature; (2) Consumers' different ways of self-categorization are attributed as the essential difference among various archetypes. This paper also compared and analyzed the differences between Chinese and Western cultural archetypes from three perspectives, formation of social structure, pedigree of myth and character's feature.

This paper has certain innovative significance to the theoretical construction of the archetype of Chinese brand culture. First, based on the cultural perspective, this paper applied the cultural psychological connotation of archetype to the brand research across culture, which is more conducive to the researchers' investigation of the cultural psychology of consumers in the cross-cultural context? Second, based on the identification and comparative study of Chinese brand culture archetype, it provides a new expansion and supplement for the research on brand internationalization and globalization in emerging countries.

The purpose of this paper is to develop a new two-dimensional differential concentration corrosion mathematical model based on the knowledge that oxygen distribution on the surface of the seawater pipe is two-dimensional.

The ionic conductive layer element near the pipeline wall is regarded as the research object, and the finite element method is adopted to obtain the oxygen distribution in the layers and the natural corrosion potential and natural corrosion current of each element. Then, these element sets are regarded as a whole circuit and each element as a node on the circuit; the equation is satisfied by the corrosion potential after polarization is derived for each element according to Kirchhoff’s second law.

Matlab is used to solve the equation sets, and the overall corrosion current is calculated. The results are quite different from those considered without the differential concentration corrosion. If the differential concentration corrosion is not considered, the location with high oxygen concentration on the pipeline wall has a large corrosion potential and current. If corrosion is considered, the potential will cause polarization and the positions with original higher corrosion potential will produce anodic polarization. Meanwhile, the speed of corrosion also decreases. At the same time, the position with original lower corrosion potential will produce cathodic polarization, and the corrosion current is also increased, namely, the corrosion current and the potential will be homogenized.

A two-dimensional model for the study of concentration corrosion is proposed creatively. Based on the knowledge of electricity, a discrete equation of corrosion potential after polarization is derived. The distribution of corrosion potential and corrosion current is obtained by solving the equation, and the mechanism of concentration corrosion is analyzed. The law of concentration polarization corrosion is also obtained.

It is a challenge in the design to determine the feasible anode position and the supply current when the hull is protected by the impressed current cathodic protection method. It is difficult to obtain these parameters through traditional experimental methods due to the huge hull surface area and geometric complexity. This study aims to solve the problem by finite element method.

First, a great number of experiments need to be conducted; second, experiments are empirical; finally, there exist measurement errors, etc. All these factors make the experimental results less reliable. The application of the finite element method, combined with other technologies, is expected to overcome these deficiencies. In this paper, the combined Matlab and Comsol method was used to calculate various anode positions and corresponding protection areas with a series of input current conditions. The calculation is implemented via the script in Matlab.

As a result, the best design can be obtained. The results show that the method provided in this paper can replace the experiment to a certain extent, save human and material resources and reduce the design time. The method also can be applied to other similar fields, having a good universality.

This optimization method can be extended to other areas of relevant production and research, having a good universality.

The formation and corrosion processes of a conversion film on the AZ80 Mg alloy with different second phases were compared to clarify the effect of microstructure on the quality of protective coatings.

The size and distribution of second phases in the edge and central regions of the AZ80 cast ingot exhibit a great difference. The film growth processes and their corrosion resistance on the edge and central regions of the AZ80 cast ingot were investigated by scanning electron microscope observations, immersion tests and electrochemical measurements.

The results indicate that second phases act as micro-cathodes and hydrogen evolution reaction occurs on their surface, which is not beneficial for the deposition of the conversion film.

The conversion film formed on the central regions of AZ80 cast ingot with a low volume fraction of second phases exhibits a more uniform surface and higher corrosion resistance than that formed on the edge regions of the sample with a higher volume fraction of second phases.

Performance pressure is unavoidable in the career of any frontline employee in the service industry, yet the authors have little understanding of the dualistic nature of performance pressure. This study aims to distinguish between challenge performance pressures and hindrance performance pressure and to investigate the effect of challenge/hindrance performance pressure on in-role/extra-role service performance through distinct emotional-labor-strategy mechanisms.

Study 1 conducted exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses and developed a performance pressure scale. To test the predictive validity of this scale, Study 2 used data from 178 frontline employees based on diary and experience sampling spanning 18 consecutive calendar days.

Findings revealed that surface/deep acting mediated the relationship between hindrance/challenge performance pressure and in-role/extra-role service performance. Calling moderated the relationship between emotional labor and service performance. The relationship between surface acting and in-role service performance was weaker in the higher calling condition, whereas the relationship between deep acting and extra-role service performance was weaker in the higher calling condition.

Service organizations should motivate employees to preserve more challenge performance pressure rather than hindrance performance pressure through establishing a reasonable performance target system. Furthermore, organizations can encourage employees to provide more extra-role services for customers through establishing an emotional support system, so as to enhance customer satisfaction.

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is a pioneering effort to develop a dualistic performance pressure scale and explore the impact mechanism and boundary conditions of performance pressure on service performance in the presence of emotional labor.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the long-term differences in household income and their causes in the people’s commune through a panel of micro-data.

The income mobility method (including static Gini mobility and dynamic income transition matrix) as well as the multinomial logit model) are employed in this paper.

Empirical results indicate that differences in household income were relatively low during the people’s commune period. In addition, both Gini mobility and income transition matrix analyses show that income mobility in the long term was faster than that in the short term, suggesting income mobility was beneficial for low-income earners in the long term, i.e., there was an pro-poorness. The major factor influencing household income was the structure of family population, not the quantity of labor input.

This paper is the first using income mobility method to study farmers’ income disparity and conducting factor decomposition on it in the people’s commune period. The micro-data on production team level applied in the paper is of high value, and the paper is helpful to understand the low efficiency of the people’s commune.

The purpose of this paper is to draw conclusions about China's agricultural integration (CAI) by looking back its processes stage by stage, discussing the problems related to CAI, in order to learn salutary lessons for the future of agricultural development, for the increase in rural income, and especially for the promotion of CAI.

The paper comprises three stages: analyzing the process of CAI from the household responsibility system, to agricultural industrialization, until the stage of CAI led by farmers' co‐operatives; discussing the related practice together with literature; and historically proving that there is no better way to promote CAI than letting it be led by farmers' co‐operatives.

The paper finds that, the development of China's agricultural economic organizations is owing to CAI, and can be studied stage by stage; the process of CAI proves that it needs to be promoted as a new style led by farmers' co‐operative in order to increase rural income; literature review also gives eloquent proof of the above viewpoint; agricultural integration led by farmers' co‐operative should be taken as a better way to upgrade CAI and to increase rural income, for it can decrease the benefit disputes that usually happened in the former type of agricultural industrialization.

The obvious value of the paper is to show, by a historical review, a way to promote CAI and to increase farmers' income. A literature review finds these countermeasures comprehensively, historically, and theoretically. The information about CAI will be beneficial for people who are interested in the topic.

The purpose of this paper is to provide a novel training-responding controlling approach for human–robot interaction. The approach is inspired by the processes of muscle memory and conditioned reflex. The approach is significant for dealing with the problems of robot’s redundant movements and operator’s fatigue in human–robot interaction system.

This paper presented a directional double clustering algorithm (DDCA) to achieve the training process. The DDCA ensured that the initial clustering centers uniformly distributed in every desired cluster. A minimal resource allocation network was used to construct a memory responding algorithm (MRA). When the human–robot interaction system needed to carry out a task for more than one time, the desired movements of the robot were given by the MRA without repeated training. Experimentally demonstrated results showed the proposed training-responding controlling approach could successfully accomplish human–robot interaction tasks.

The training-responding controlling approach improved the robustness and reliability of the human–robot interaction system, which presented a novel controlling method for the operator.

This approach has significant commercial applications, as a means of controlling for human–robot interaction could serve to point to the desired target and arrive at the appointed positions in industrial and household environment.

This work presented a novel training-responding human-robot controlling method. The human-robot controlling method dealt with the problems of robot’s redundant movements and operator’s fatigue. To the authors’ knowledge, the working processes of muscle memory and conditioned reflex have not been reported to apply to human-robot controlling.

In China, the practice of livestreaming while shopping has evolved from a form of entertainment into a new business strategy. In recent years, the gastronomy industry has also adopted livestreaming as a means of online promotion. Based on the stimulus–organism–response theoretical model, this study aims to investigate the effects of gastronomy livestreaming on viewers’ impulsive consumption by considering gamification, perceived professionalism and telepresence as causative factors.

This study conducted a survey of gastronomy livestreaming viewers that received 1,093 responses. The effects of gamification, perceived professionalism and telepresence were then analyzed using partial least squares-path modeling and necessary condition analysis.

This study finds that gamification, perceived professionalism and telepresence are sufficient conditions for explaining impulsive consumption. Innovativeness mediates the relationships between these factors and impulsive consumption. Furthermore, gamification and innovativeness represent necessary conditions for impulsive consumption.

The findings of this study contribute to an enhanced understanding of livestreaming in the gastronomy industry. Based on these findings, managers in the gastronomy industry can use more interactive gamification activities and enhance telepresence to increase viewers’ impulsive consumption during livestreaming sessions.

This study identifies the modalities through which gastronomy livestreaming can stimulate impulsive consumption. This is an early study to investigate the effect of experiences of gamification, perceived professionalism and telepresence on viewers’ impulsive consumption in the context of gastronomy livestreaming. In addition, this early study investigates the effect of gastronomy livestreaming innovativeness on impulsive consumption.