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The aim of this article is two-fold. First, it offers a unique account of San Min, the prototype of the current Chinese educational principle proposed by Yan Fu (1854–1921) that aimed at improving people’s physical, intellectual and moral capacities. This system of educational thinking has received only marginal attention in Anglophone research literature. Second, given the influence of Yan Fu’s interpretation and promulgation of Herbert Spencer’s educational philosophy during that period, it investigates the extent to which San Min is derived from Spencer’s educational thought (the “Spencerian Triad”). This article focusses on how Yan Fu adapted the ideas of San Min from Spencer’s account.

This article considers Yan Fu’s principle of San Min in relation to Spencer’s educational triad through a close reading and comparison of key primary texts (including Yan Fu’s original writing). It explores the similarities and differences between each account of education’s goals and its proposed means of attainment.

Yan Fu’s principle of San Min is shown to have been adapted from the Spencerian Triad. However, using the theory of Social Organism, Yan Fu re-interpreted Spencer’s individual liberty as liberty for the nation. While Spencer’s goal was to empower individuals, Yan Fu aimed to serve collective independence, wealth and power.

This article addresses oversights concerning San Min’s Western origins in the Spencerian Triad and its influence on Chinese education under Yan Fu’s sway. It is significant because San Min is still at the core of the current Chinese educational policy.

The purpose of this paper is to provide a critical historical analysis of the business (mis)behaviors and influencing factors that discourage enduring cooperation between principals and agents, to introduce strategies that embrace the social values, economic motivation and institutional designs historically adopted to curtail dishonest acts in international business and to inform an improved principal–agent theory that reflects principal–agent reciprocity as shaped by social, political, cultural, economic, strategic and ideological forces

The critical historical research method is used to analyze Chinese compradors and the foreign companies they served in pre-1949 China.

Business practitioners can extend orthodox principal–agent theory by scrutinizing the complex interactions between local agents and foreign companies. Instead of agents pursuing their economic interests exclusively, as posited by principal–agent theory, they also may pursue principal-shared interests (as suggested by stewardship theory) because of social norms and cultural values that can affect business-related choices and the social bonds built between principals and agents.

The behaviors of compradors and foreign companies in pre-1949 China suggest international business practices for shaping social bonds between principals and agents and foreign principals’ creative efforts to enhance shared interests with local agents.

Understanding principal–agent theory’s limitations can help international management scholars and practitioners mitigate transaction partners’ dishonest acts.

A critical historical analysis of intermediary businesspeople’s (mis)behavior in pre-1949 (1840–1949) China can inform the generalizability of principal–agent theory and contemporary business strategies for minimizing agents’ dishonest acts.

This study examines how informal business networks achieve marketing goals in socially uncertain contexts. Drawing from multiple historical sources, Shangbangs, a type of business network that thrived in pre-1949 China, are analyzed.

The Critical Historical Research Method (CHRM) undergirds a study of Shangbangs’ historicity (i.e. their socio-historically embedded multiplicity, including organizational forms, activities and connotations.

As informal regional, professional, project-based, special-product-based or mixed marketing networks, Shangbangs relied on “flexible specialization” and coupled multiple business needs to market goods and services, business organizations, specific social values and, when necessary, to debrand business rivals.

This analysis extends theories about marketing networks by probing their subtypes, diverse marketing activities, multipronged channels and relationship building with social entities (including underground societies, business associations and guilds) in response to pre-1949 China’s market uncertainties. Substantiating an alternative approach to “flexible specialization” and marketing innovations within the pre-1949 Chinese economy shows how a parallel theoretical framework can complement western-based marketing theories.

This first comprehensive analysis of Shangbangs, an innovative historical Chinese marketing network outside the conventional market-corporate dichotomy, can inform theory building for marketing strategy-making and management conditioned by social contexts.

This study aims to assess the knowledge and attitudes toward recovering citizenship (RC)/5 Rs and mental illness of people aged ≥18 years in Hong Kong using a telephone survey approach.

A questionnaire comprised the Mental Health Knowledge Schedule (MAKS), Short Form-Community Attitudes Toward Mental Illness (SF-CAMI) and questions on attitudes toward RC/5 Rs, was administered on the phone.

A total of 1,009 respondents completed the telephone survey. A high mean score of MAKS (4.37 ± 1.08) was found with 68%–94% answering the knowledge items correctly. The mean score of SF-CAMI was 46.50 ± 8.74 with the most positive attitude toward fear and exclusion. Approximately half had heard about a similar concept of RC and 79%–94.3% agreed with people in recovery to possess the 5 Rs. Those with greater knowledge or more positive toward mental illness, or knowing someone in recovery were more supportive toward 5 Rs. Those aged 18–44 years, attained a post-secondary education, were employed, and received a monthly income of US$3,861–6,434 were significantly more positive toward 5 Rs.

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study assessing the views of RC of people in the community. The sample had a good knowledge of mental illness but recognition of recovery from mental illness and a sympathetic view toward people in recovery can be further improved. Besides promotion programs, dissemination of the concept of RC and having people in recovery take up valued roles in the community could potentially facilitate the acceptance of social inclusion and acceptance in the community.

This study develops a conceptualization of NPD (new product development) complexity and explores how inter-organizational collaboration and conflict influence NPD performance.

An empirical examination tests the proposed relationships in the context of Korean manufacturing firms, which currently engage in NPD projects with their key partners. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to examine the hypotheses.

The findings suggest that a higher level of NPD complexity simultaneously calls for inter-organizational collaboration and conflict, and these two factors influence NPD performance in a conflicting manner: inter-organizational collaboration serves as a driver, and inter-organizational conflict acts as a barrier against NPD performance.

This study provides answers to the academic and practical calls by providing how NPD complexity should be managed in a way to increase NPD performance. This study provides insight into how manufacturing firms form inter-organizational collaboration practices and why they need to mitigate inter-organizational conflict.

This study aims to examine the empirical linkages among emotional experiences, national identity and behavioural intentions for red tourism in China.

Partial least squares structural equation modelling was applied to data from two rounds of surveys of 1,095 on-site visitors to Zunyi and Yan’an, two well-known red tourism cities in China.

Emotional experiences significantly affect national identity, with positive emotions significantly affecting national identity. Positive emotions also significantly influenced behavioural intentions, national identity positively influenced behavioural intentions and national pride mediated the relationship of “positive emotion → behavioural intentions”. In addition, previous experience played a moderating role in the relationship of “positive emotion → national pride”.

This research produced new insights on red tourism emotional experiences by clarifying its types, connotations and influences. It contributes to a better understanding of national identity antecedents and outcomes in red tourism. Findings revealed the significant role of red tourism in cultivating national identity and provide implications for academic research and practical development of red tourism.

本研究旨在考察中国红色旅游者的情绪体验、国家认同和行为意向之间的影响关系及其作用机制。

采用偏最小二乘法结构方程模型(PLS-SEM), 对来自中国红色旅游圣地——遵义和延安的1095名现场游客的问卷调查数据进行了统计分析。

情绪体验对国家认同会产生显著影响。其中, 积极情感会显著正向影响国家认同。同时, 积极情感也会对行为意向产生显著正向影响。此外, 国家认同对行为意向具有积极影响, 且国家自豪感在“积极情感→行为意图”的影响关系中充当中介作用。最后, 研究还发现旅游经历在“积极情感→国家自豪感”的影响关系中具有显著的调节作用。

本研究通过阐明红色旅游情绪体验的类型、内涵及其影响关系, 为深入理解红色旅游情绪体验提供了一个全新的视角。同时, 文章还进一步厘清了红色旅游情境中国家认同感的形成前因和影响结果的作用机理。研究结论揭示了红色旅游在培育国家认同感方面的重要价值, 并为红色旅游的学术研究和实践发展提供了重要启示。

Esta investigación examinó los vínculos empíricos entre las experiencias emocionales, la identidad nacional y las intenciones de comportamiento para del turismo rojo en China.

Se aplicó el análisis de ecuaciones estructurales basado en mínimos cuadrados parciales (PLS - SEM) a los datos recogidos mediante dos rondas de encuestas realizadasa 1.095 visitantes in situ en Zunyi y Yan'an, dos conocidas ciudades de turismo rojo de China.

Las experiencias emocionales afectan significativamente a la identidad nacional, y las emociones positivas influyen significativamente en la identidad nacional. Las emociones positivas también influyeron significativamente en las intenciones de comportamiento; la identidad nacional influyó positivamente en las intenciones de comportamiento y el orgullo nacional medió la relación “emoción positiva → intenciones de comportamiento”. Además, la experiencia previa desempeñó un papel moderador en la relación “emoción positiva → orgullo nacional”.

Esta investigación aportó nuevos hallazgos sobre las experiencias emocionales del turismo rojo al aclarar sus tipos, connotaciones e influencias. Contribuye a una mejor comprensión de los antecedentes y resultados de la identidad nacional en el turismo rojo. Los resultados de la investigación revelan el importante papel del turismo rojo en el cultivo de la identidad nacional y ofrecen implicaciones para la investigación académica y el desarrollo práctico del turismo rojo.

This paper aims to investigate the tribological properties of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) composites modified by nano-serpentine and nano-lanthanum oxide in a seawater environment.

In this paper, seven PTFE composites were prepared by unified design method and vacuum thermoforming method, and their hardness, water absorption and tribological properties were measured under seawater environment. The modification effects and thermal stability of the materials were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermal gravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry. This paper analyzed the wear mechanism of PTFE composites by scanning electron microscopy and energy spectroscopy.

The results showed that the hardness of the PTFE composites were all improved, but the water absorption was increased with the increase of additives. The modification of nano-serpentine was successful and the thermal stability of PTFE composites was better. The lowest coefficient and minimum wear rate are 0.0267 and 8.67 × 10⁻⁵ · mm³ · (N · m)⁻¹ respectively, which is 34.9% and 76% less than the pure PTFE.

The analysis showed that the wear mechanism of PTFE composites was abrasive wear and a small amount of adhesive wear, and when the additive content was appropriate, it easily formed a transfer film on the surface mating parts.

Drawing on the framework of the trickle-down effect and social learning theory, this study aims to examine how and when leaders' voluntary green behavior (VGB) stimulates that of employees.

This study conducted a time-lagged multisource field survey. The final sample consisted of 417 employees matched to 67 leaders. The unconflated multilevel modeling (MLM) approach was employed.

A social learning mechanism underlies the trickle-down effect of leaders' VGB, which involves observation and imitation. The green role model influence serves as a mediator of these two processes. Moreover, leader-member exchange (LMX) moderates the strength of the social learning mechanism.

Leaders can gain useful insights of how to promote employees' VGB and are further inspired to reflect on the managerial philosophy of leading by example.

This study contributes to workplace green behavior literature by examining the trickle-down effect of leader VGB and uncovering a social learning mechanism. This study also offers promising directions for leadership research concerning about role modeling.

The purpose of this paper is to propose an new online path planning method for porcine belly cutting. With the proliferation in demand for the automatic systems of pork production, the development of efficient and robust meat cutting algorithms are hot issues. The uncertain and dynamic nature of the online porcine belly cutting imposes a challenge for the robot to identify and cut efficiently and accurately. Based on the above challenges, an online porcine belly cutting method using 3D laser point cloud is proposed.

The robotic cutting system is composed of an industrial robotic manipulator, customized tools, a laser sensor and a PC.

Analysis of experimental results shows that by comparing with machine vision, laser sensor-based robot cutting has more advantages, and it can handle different carcass sizes.

An image pyramid method is used for dimensionality reduction of the 3D laser point cloud. From a detailed analysis of the outward and inward cutting errors, the outward cutting error is the limiting condition for reducing the segments by segmentation algorithm.

The purpose of this study is to discuss how organizations can drive organizational performance through human capital (HC) investment through systematic thinking.

This study analyzes three companies from various industries, adopts systems thinking and uses three leading indicators from the balanced scorecard framework to explore the effects of strategic orientations for HC on innovation ecosystems and organizational performance.

In terms of academic contributions, this study broadly verifies the innovation ecosystem model for organizations and reveals that customer-oriented, internal process-oriented and innovation learning-oriented HC strategies reinforce the pathways in organizational innovation ecosystems, thereby enriching the literature on innovation ecosystems.

In terms of practical contributions, this study provides a novel HC-based perspective on developmental dynamics and details the relationships among each aspect of the innovation ecosystem and HC strategies.

The proposed architecture and strategic frameworks provide a reference for corporations to implement strategic orientations of HC, drive operations in organizational innovation ecosystems and improve organizational performance.