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For the prevention and cure of disease, patient use various types of chemical and drug agents. Along with their curative effect, almost all drugs have some destructive effects and side-effects. Due to the minimal and/or none of unwanted side-effect, recently, the use of herbal remedy as the drug of choice becomes the preference choice. The mangosteen, Garcinia mangostana, contains various types of polyphenols. It has been used as a traditional medicine from the ancient times till present days. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the biological properties of mangosteen in relation to health promotion effects.

Several research papers from well-known database (such as PubMed, Google scholar, Scopus and Sciencedirect) were reviewed without considering publication-times to understand the biological properties of mangosteen.

Mangosteen and its xanthone exerted diverse biological activities such as anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergy, anti-bacteria, anti-fungal, anti-malaria, anticancer and anti-diabetes.

Based on these studies, mangosteen is beneficial dietary supplement of overall human health.

UV curable systems have found wide applications in clear coatings. However, coatings containing pigment showed a degree of curing inhibition due to the absorption, scattering and reflection of the UV radiation caused by the presence of pigments in the coating film. This results in poor through‐cure and consequently in poor adhesion. Thus, pigments used in the UV curable coating systems should not absorb radiation in the same region as the photo‐initiators. One of the solutions to such a problem, reported in this paper, was to develop more reactive, alcohol soluble, non‐heat reactive, low molecular weight cresol based, pigmented novolac epoxy acrylate systems, which have a lower absorption in the UV region. In addition, the effects of several photoinitiators having absorption in the longer wavelength region of the UV spectrum were investigated.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the performances of three inhibitors in controlling corrosion of local mild steel products in distilled water and a simulated salt solution.

Corrosion inhibition of mild steel was investigated using electrochemical techniques. Untreated and inhibitor treated specimens were fully immersed in two test solutions, distilled water and the simulated solution of 2.0 wt.% NaCl and 1.0 wt.% Na2SO₄.

During full immersion in the simulated salt solution, sodium dihydrogen orthophosphate was not effective at all, resulting in even higher corrosion rates than that of the untreated specimens. Sodium benzoate was effective for three days only. Dicyclohexylamine nitrite was the most effective of them all, keeping its effectiveness for as much as 20 days. When the specimens were immersed in distilled water, all three inhibitors were effective during the 60 days of immersion while dicyclohexylamine nitrite and sodium benzoate treated specimens performed better than those treated with sodium dihydrogen orthophosphate.

The objective of this research was to investigate the performances of three inhibitors – sodium dihydrogen orthophosphate (inorganic) at 10 mM concentration, dicyclohexylamine nitrite (organic) and sodium benzoate (organic) at 100 mM concentration – in controlling the corrosion of local mild steel products fully immersed in two test solutions, distilled water and the simulated salt solution. All three inhibitors are film forming and anodic type inhibitors. According to the authors' literature review, this study is original and will add value to the studies of inhibition of steel corrosion under similar environments.

The cowpea plant, being affordable and protein‐rich, is considered poor man's meat. The aim of this paper is to undertake a detailed investigation regarding in vitro total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and chemical constituents of the vegetable oils from seeds of this plant, taking its nutritional value into consideration.

Vegetable oils of different indigenous cowpea varieties were obtained using soxhelt extraction assembly and subjected to GC‐MS analyses and various antioxidant assays including 2,2′‐azinobis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulpohonic acid) (ABTS) radical cation scavenging, ferr, 2.2′‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazil (DPPH) radical scavenging, total phenolic contents (TPC), lipid peroxidation inhibition, and iron chelation activity.

Various chemical constituents including different hydrocarbons, tocopherols, ketones, fatty esters, estragole and cedrene were identified. TPCs were found to be 5.439, 5.7279, 7.6126, 6.7573 and 10.0591 mg/L gallic acid equivalent for S.A. Dandy, Elite, White Star, CP‐386 and FBD Rawan varieties, respectively. Employing ABTS radical decoloration assay a significant linear correlation (R²=0.997, 0.996, 0.997, 0.996 and 0.997 for S.A. Dandy, Elite, White Star, CP‐386 and FBD Rawan varieties, respectively) was found between the percent inhibition of ABTS radical cation and the amount of vegetable oils. The percent inhibition of the Fe(II)‐Ferrozine complex formation was found to be 29.45, 53.76, 82.91, 86.59 and 57.87 for the same varieties, respectively.

GC‐MS and standard in vitro antioxidative capacity analyses data clearly demonstrated the potency of the cowpea as antioxidant and radical scavenger plant which may be used as a good source of natural antioxidants. The plant seeds may prove a better and cost‐effective substitute of expensive food items.

Corrosion is a major concern for many industries that use metals as structural or functional materials, and the use of corrosion inhibitors is a widely accepted strategy to protect metals from deterioration in corrosive environments. Moreover, the toxic nature, non-biodegradability and price of most conventional corrosion inhibitors have encouraged the application of greener and more sustainable options, with natural and synthetic drugs being major actors. Hence, this paper aims to stress the capability of natural and synthetic drugs as manageable and sustainable, environmentally friendly solutions to the problem of metal corrosion.

In this review, the recent developments in the use of natural and synthetic drugs as corrosion inhibitors are explored in detail to highlight the key advancements and drawbacks towards the advantageous utilization of drugs as corrosion inhibitors.

Corrosion is a critical issue in numerous modern applications, and conventional strategies of corrosion inhibition include the use of toxic and environmentally harmful chemicals. As greener alternatives, natural compounds like plant extracts, essential oils and biopolymers, as well as synthetic drugs, are highlighted in this review. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of these compounds, as well as their effectiveness in preventing corrosion, are discussed in the review.

This survey stresses on the most recent abilities of natural and synthetic drugs as viable and sustainable, environmentally friendly solutions to the problem of metal corrosion, thus expanding the general knowledge of green corrosion inhibitors.

This study aims to develop a green, economical and efficient ultrasonic-/microwave assisted extraction (UMAE) process for the extraction of anthocyanins.

After optimizing the extraction conditions by response surface methodology, three assays including DPPH, ABTS·+, FRAP were applied to analyze the antioxidant activity of the extracted anthocyanins. The stability under different temperatures, reductant concentrations and pHs was also discussed. The components of anthocyanins in blueberry were analyzed by HPLC-QTOF-MS2.

The optimal extraction parameters were ultrasonic power of 300 W, microwave power of 365.28 W and solid–liquid ratio of 30 (g/mL). The possible structures can be speculated as Delphinidin-3-O-galactoside, Delphinidin, Petunidin, Delphinidin-3-O-glucoside, Petunidin-3-O-glucoside, Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside. The results demonstrated that the UMAE can improve the yield of anthocyanins in shorter extraction time with higher activity.

The present study may provide a promising and feasible route for extracting anthocyanins from blueberries and studying their physicochemical properties, ultimately promoting the utilization of blueberry anthocyanins.

Jamun is an underutilised fruit crop of India whose utilization needs to be considerably increased. Despite its impressive nutritional profile and several health benefits, its cultivation is still very limited. Hence, this study aims to highlight the essential nutrients, health benefits and value-added products of jamun fruit and seed.

Major sources of bibliometric information such as Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed and Google Scholar were extensively searched with keywords such as nutritional composition of jamun, bioactive compounds, health benefits and jamun-based food products to obtain a database of 317 papers. Thirty four publications met the criteria for review.

Jamun fruit (Syzygium cumini L.) is known for its attractive colour, astringent taste, enormous nutrients and nutraceutical properties; nevertheless, this fruit is seasonal, perishable and underutilised. Furthermore, the fruit is used for the treatment of diabetes and also possess anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity and cardio-protection properties. Investigations were done on the production of value-added food products such as read-to-serve beverages, jam, cookies and cake from jamun due to their several health benefits. The present review was an attempt to provide spotlights on the health benefits and food product applications of jamun fruit and its by-products.

This review systematically collates evidence from various published sources regarding the nutritional profile, development of food products from jamun and their health benefits. The compiled information will help researchers and professional become aware of the significance of jamun fruit and thereby enhances its processing and applications in food systems.

1. Carter, Ernest F. Dictionary of Inventions and Discoveries. New York, Crane, Russak, 1976. 208pp. $6.50. This, the second revised edition of a dictionary first published in Great Britain in 1966, presents over two thousand inventions and discoveries, inventors and discoverers in a single alphabet. Although a few of the entries run for over a page, most are very brief.

Although cure of paint coatings by radiation is no new phenomenon, there is considerable increased interest in development of industrial processes using radiation curing for a variety of reasons. Before studying the developments in detail, it is worth noting that radiated energy can basically be divided into two categories. In the first category we have ionising radiation which for our purposes includes electromagnetic radiation of wave lengths less than visible light and also accelerated electrons. In the second category is radiation, which is essentially thermal in its effect ranging from infra red through to microwave and radio frequency. The use of these longer wave length radiations, whose effect is essentially thermal, will not be discussed in detail since all coatings which can be cured in normal high temperature ovens are basically capable of cure with such methods. It is worth noting however, that improvement in the design of infra red lamps with peak radiation in the near infra red at around 1200 nanometers has led to speed up in infra red curing which has been particularly useful in cure of alkyd‐amino finishes on heat sensitive substrates such as wood. There is also developing interest in high frequency long wave length radiation, particularly in the area usually referred to as microwave. Here we have penetrative radiation which produces heat effects by what is sometimes referred to as molecular friction. The conversion of the microwave energy into heat depends on the loss factor of the material in question and so the process is most efficient with polar materials such as water. The most likely use of microwave heating is with water based coatings on substrates which will not themselves heat up rapidly, such as non‐polar plastic films.

The present study was carried out to determine (1) essential minerals, total polyphenols, total flavonoids, moisture and ash of four selected South African herbal teas and (2) the effect of blending bush tea with other known commercial herbal teas.

The method used to determine moisture and ash contents followed that of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). Nine minerals were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined by Folin–Ciocalteu assay and aluminum chloride colorimetric assay, respectively.

The results of the study demonstrated that bush tea had a high ash content of 8.01% and special tea (9.23%), while honeybush (1.96%) and rooibos tea (2.17%) exhibited a low ash percentage. The mineral content was higher in bush tea and special tea than in rooibos tea and honeybush tea except for sodium, which was higher in rooibos tea. The blending of bush tea with special tea improved its potassium content from 22,937.00 mg/kg to 23,379.20 mg/kg. Blending bush tea with rooibos tea at a ratio of 25:75 increased the flavonoid content to 12.21 µg/mL.

The results of the nutrients composition cannot be generalized as it is influenced by other factors such as soil type and seasons.

Increasing the commercialization of indigenous teas.

The results of the study suggest that bush tea and special tea are nutritionally comparable with South African commercial herbal teas. Thus, the consideration for commercialization of these teas is crucial.