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Argues that US county‐level policing is distinct from municipal policing. Examines differences between them in terms of historical, political, geographical, functional, organizational and regional variations. Suggests how research might be focused to explicate these differences. In particular, presents the idea of a militia, a group organized out of and by a community for its own protection. Contrasts this with the professional paramilitary model associated with large municipal departments. Points out that most police agencies are not large or urban. The greater part of the USA is policed by approximately 3,000 county‐level agencies. Proposes the militia model as a template for further research.

“Unplanned city” (and its relation “unchecked growth”) is the way many people describe cities of which they disapprove. They usually mean too little top-down planning, assuming that this is the only planning possible. But Stephen Davies, describing urbanization in England, shows that this was not always so. He notes that,[t]he years between 1740 and 1850 therefore saw an unprecedented amount of urban growth. Cities and towns of all kinds and sizes grew more rapidly and on a greater scale than ever before in history. The rapidly increasing population was drawn into the towns in ever larger numbers with the rise of industry, creating an enormous demand for housing and the urban fabric in general. This was the kind of situation that, when its like happens today, is regularly described in terms of “crisis” or even “catastrophe”. And yet the challenge was largely met. Housing and other facilities were built and provided. The towns of Britain grew to meet the new demands of a growing population and a transformed economy. There were no great shantytowns around growing cities such as Manchester and Birmingham. Instead a tidal wave of brick and stone swept over fields, turning them into new urban areas. Moreover, the period also saw the creation of great architectural achievements of lasting value in both the great cities and the new towns …. The elegance of Bath and Cheltenham, the West End of London and Bloomsbury, the New Town in Edinburgh, and the centers of Glasgow and Newcastle-upon-Tyne – all were built in this period. As this was the first instance of such wide-spread urbanization our understanding of its nature is crucial for our thinking about the process of urbanization in general, whether historically or today. In particular this instance raises the question of how urbanization can happen in the absence of an apparatus of planning and controls, by voluntary means, and what the results of this may be. (Davies, 2002, p. 19)

The purpose of this paper is to explain one of the most important collective communication patterns used in scientific applications which is the complete exchange, also called All‐to‐All. Although efficient algorithms have been studied for specific networks, general solutions like those available in well‐known MPI distributions (e.g. the MPI_Alltoall operation) are strongly influenced by the congestion of network resources.

In this paper we present an integrated approach to model the performance of the All‐to‐All collective operation, which consists in identifying a contention signature that characterizes a given network environment, using it to augment a contention‐free communication model.

This approach, assessed by experimental results, allows an accurate prediction of the performance of the All‐to‐All operation over different network architectures with a small overhead.

The paper discusses the problem of network contention in a grid environment, studying some strategies to minimize the impact of contention on the performance of an All‐to‐All operation.

The approach used, assessed by experimental results, allows an accurate prediction of the performance of the All‐to‐All operation over different network architectures with a small overhead. Also discussed is the problem of network contention in a grid environment and some strategies to minimize the impact of contention on the performance of an All‐to‐All operation.

To assess whether a programme of “crackdown and consolidation” could lead to measurable and sustainable reductions in domestic burglary.

In 1998 the Home Office reducing burglary initiative was launched in England and Wales. Phase I comprised 63 projects; the evaluation of one such project based on crackdown and consolidation is considered here. The aim was to crack down on known burglary recidivists, and then consolidate any gains by engaging the local community and implementing various prevention measures. The article considers the background to the project, the history of the method and how it was applied in this instance. The plausibility of the view that this action led to reductions in offending is examined.

The project did not follow its original plan of a continuous cycle of crackdown and consolidation. However, the approach undoubtedly has the potential to work, although in this instance the consolidation served only to prolong the impact of the initial crackdown, rather than offer a sustainable solution.

There are financial and staffing implications of adopting a cycle of crackdown and consolidation. There also needs to be neighbourhood buy‐in – especially for the crackdown element – and early warning of changes in the burglary trend.

Whilst the concept of crackdown and consolidation has existed for some years, published accounts of it are limited. This article goes some way towards filling that gap by providing an evaluation of the method within an operational police setting.

‘What aspects of your job present the most difficulty?’ Answers to this question, involving graphic and sometimes disturbing descriptions of the problems and constraints of working life, were provided by samples of chemists, engineers and insurance personnel during 1981. The information was collected as background material, while investigating an apparently different but actually related topic. Results and subsequent speculations seemed, however, to make it worth excising this fairly self‐contained body of data on impedances to effective job performance and presenting it in isolation. Apart from light thrown on the wider subject of the original enquiry, the exercise may be useful in its own right to anyone concerned with studying or improving the nature, quality and productivity of working life. Managers, personnel and training officers, sociologists and industrial psychologists may therefore find it interesting.

This research aims to study the economic conditions of fishermen living in the coastal area of Kabupaten Pesisir Selatan.

The method used is a descriptive analysis method supported by a participatory planning method. The importance of primary data is to understand deeply the real problems of fishermen in the field, collected by using a survey method such as field observations, in-depth interviews by gathering fishermen and related stakeholders in the area, undertaking forum group discussion, workshop and seminar. Secondary data are necessary to support the primary data analysis.

The results showed that there is an abundance of marine resources, but the economic condition of fishermen is far from expected. The income from fishing is not enough to feed their family's daily needs due to low catching productivity and raw fish selling price. The regency government and province do not have clear and concrete policies to resolve firmly and thoroughly the economic problems of fishermen living in the coastal areas.

This study succeeds in providing two breakthrough strategic policies to improve the economic conditions of fishermen, i.e. institutional and entrepreneurial innovations.

Both strategic policies have a mutual relationship. Therefore, the implementations have to integrate with one another and be executed simultaneously in a single coastal area management system.

Bupati as a top policymaker in this region must take full responsibility for the successful implementation of these two strategic policies.

Providing new ideas to solve the main problem of fishermen living in the coastal area in Indonesia.

The emerging wireless technology is now widely applied in the business world. This article addresses the services and technologies of wireless communications used in the business world. Its business applications, managerial issues, and future development are also addressed.

Outlines the Open Security Architecture (OSA). OSA is an architecture which will provide the basis for the selection, design and integration of products providing security and control for a network of desktop personal computers, “mobile” notebook computers, servers and mainframes. States that the purpose of this architecture is to provide an environment where: acceptable and workable controls can be placed on sensitive data; user productivity and existing investments in applications are not negatively impacted by the addition of control and security; data flow around the organization, and the investment that has been put in place to support this capability (e.g. local‐area, wide‐area, and telephonebased networks) can still be used to enhance information exchange between users; and all workstations, regardless of their location, operating system, or capability to connect to a network, can be included and easily administered under this architecture.