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This article presents a conceptual framework for the analysis of vegetable supply chains in a South East Asian context and the role wholesale markets play in these chains. Following a review of the literature on food marketing systems in developing countries and preliminary fieldwork in South East Asia, a holistic framework is proposed, including what are perceived to be the critical factors in the development of improved fresh food marketing systems: domestic legal and policy factors, international trade policies and food markets, history, geography, and cultural and social norms. The particular role of trust and collaboration among stakeholders in the Ho Chi Minh City vegetable marketing system is highlighted.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the effectiveness of UK investment firms’ implementation of the requirements in Commission Delegated Regulation 2017/589 (more commonly known as “Regulatory Technical Standard 6” or “RTS 6”) that govern the conduct of algorithmic trading activities.

A qualitative examination of 19 semi-structured interviews with practitioners working for, or with, UK investment firms engaged in algorithmic trading activities.

The paper finds that practitioners generally have a good understanding of the requirements in RTS 6. Some lack knowledge of algorithms, coding and algorithmic strategies but have used best efforts to implement RTS 6. However, regulatory fatigue, complacency, cost pressures, governance in international groups, overreliance on external knowledge and generous risk parameter calibration threaten to undermine these efforts.

The study’s findings are limited to the participants’ insights. Some areas of the RTS 6 regime attracted little comment from participants.

The paper proposes the introduction of mandatory algorithmic trading qualification requirements for key staff; the lessening of the requirements in RTS 6 for automated executors; and the introduction of a recognised software vendor regime to reduce duplication and improve coordination between market participants that deploy algorithmic trading systems.

To the best of the author’s knowledge, the study represents the first qualitative examination of firms’ implementation of the algorithmic trading regime in the second Markets in Financial Instruments Directive 2014/65/EU.

To understand how the external culture of an organization affects the internal decisions; to explore how employment stereotypes are used in recruitment; to grasp the general understanding of how line managers give more value to the bottom line than “non-discrimination statement”; to understand the challenges while managing a diverse workforce; and to critically analyze hiring decision and recommend practical solution.

Asma Malik was hired as a management trainee around five years ago. After successful completion of her one year as a management trainee, she was placed in the finance department. She outperformed all of her targets and received multiple rewards of a star performer. However, Malik was passionate and eager to work in the field and to work with the sales team. It was her dream to be an outstanding salesgirl. Based on the company’s policy of equal opportunity employer, she quickly got herself promoted to the position of wholesale manager and she was the first one to be provided such a challenging position. However, the market dynamics and market acceptability in a country like Pakistan were quite thought-provoking for a girl to be a wholesale manager. And it was observed that sales were constantly declining, as she had assigned this role. Now Country Manager (CM) had to make a decision, whether to transfer her to any other position or to retain her in the same position.

Bachelor of Business Administration and MBA.

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CSS 1: Accounting and Finance.

Computer‐based games can now be tailored to fit individual applications with relative ease. The “soft” format of games packages (as opposed to the “hard” format of manual games) allows them to be customised and kept up‐to‐date. Wholetrain, developed by the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology and MAKRO, fills the training gap within the wholesale industry, aimed at junior wholesale managers and supervisors and providing (simulated) training in a Cash and Carry environment where experimentation is not usually feasible.

The last decade has been a period of considerable change for physical distribution in the UK. Major restructuring has been overdue, often because companies have in the past failed to appreciate the importance of distribution in the marketing process, but now there is a new awareness of the crucial role that distribution can play in the success of companies. As a consequence, innovation in distribution is taking place at an accelerating rate.

Details the history of the co‐operative movement and societies from the beginning in 1844 to the present day. Describes the principles on which the co‐operative ideal was based and how those still exist and are worked out in the 1990s. Discusses the Co‐operative Wholesale Society and the variety of its outlets (i.e. insurance, banking, travel, funerals, pharmacy, property, food and non‐food) and the formation of the Central Regional Co‐operative Society Ltd by the amalgamation of a number of smaller societies. Looks in detail at CRCS′s management structure, trading outlets and other activities; and also at its financial base, performance and planning. Discusses CRCS′s market position in terms of traditional competitors and new ones such as the German based Aldi.

Preliminary results of a study designed to investigate urban goods traffic flows with regard to both private and social costs

There is a large body of literature on the link between trade liberalisation, growth and poverty. However, less attention has been paid to the relationship between trade and regional disparities. The purpose of this paper is to identify and quantify the regional impacts of trade liberalisation, particularly in the war-affected regions and to understand to what extent trade reforms can contribute to the post-war recovery process and long-term economic and political stability in Sri Lanka.

The authors developed a single country multi-regional computable general equilibrium (CGE) model for the Sri Lankan economy to meet the need for a detailed country study as emphasised in the recent literature.

Both short-run and long-run results suggest that all regions including war-affected regions in the country gain from trade liberalisation, although gains are uneven across regions. Furthermore, the results suggest that war-affected regions gain more relative to some other regions in the long run.

According to the best of the authors’ knowledge within country regional impact of trade liberalisation using a multi-regional CGE model has never been attempted for Sri Lanka. The results of this study, even though based on Sri Lankan data, will be relevant to other developing countries engulfed in internal conflicts with regional economic disparities.

Vietnam has for a long time been ignored by researchers due to the closed nature of the country. Little management research, especially in the marketing field, has been done in this emerging country. Aims, therefore, to describe Vietnamese wholesaling and retailing for consumer products. Distribution channels in Vietnam could be characterized as primitive structures, owing to their level of economic development. The example of Vietnam is interesting because its situation is classical for a less developed country: inadequate transport means; inadequate banking; smuggling; counterfeiting; import restrictions; import taxes; the need to pass through importation companies with little added value to enter the market; the passiveness, even incompetence, of intermediaries; the low income of the population. Therefore, despite huge opportunities in Vietnam, investors should be aware of the unexpected and unstable situations they will have to face, especially in the distribution field. Bases its findings on desk research and face‐to‐face interviews done by the author during a position as an expatriate in Vietnam, from 1993 to 1994.