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Some ten years ago, industry world‐wide entered a period of economic shortages and rising prices of petroleum, a situation making it essential for economy to be exercised in the use of organic solvents. This led to an upsurge of interest in water‐based products for use in printing and packaging. Interest was further stimulated by the increasing pressures from health and safety legislation and growing concern about environmental pollution problems. There were possibilities to develop alternative water‐based products to many solvent based inks, varnishes, lacquers and adhesives and quite a number of commercial successes were achieved and sustained. The following recession of the mid 1970's and depressed economic climate of recent years has done little to advance progress in water‐based inks. There were subsequently no major problems in availability of organic solvents and from this aspect no urgent needs to evaluate alternative water‐based products, unless real economic or technical advantages could be demonstrated.

Recent technical developments in the field of hydrodynamic sustentation, resulting from the unique techniques associated with the free‐body testing of self‐propelled dynamically similar models, has resulted in a great resurgence of interest in the use of water‐based aircraft in the National Defence. This paper describes some of the more important aspects of this research and discusses possible trends in military water‐based aircraft development. In addition to the military applications of the new high‐speed hydrodynamic developments, consideration is given to the development of transonic water‐based transport designs. Since the days of the famous flying‐boat clippers, over‐ocean transport has all but succumbed to the faster landplane. It is shown that an all‐jet water‐based transport, incorporating unusual safety and performance, is now a practical and logical development.

The trend towards a greater use of water as the solvent in flexographic and gravure printing inks has been influenced by a number of factors — the growing attention to environmental pollution problems, health and safety aspects, elimination of residual print odour in food packaging printing and conservation of organic solvents.

It is well known that water based coatings offer several advantages over solvent based coatings, such as: less air pollution, saving of energy, saving of raw materials and noncombustibility, at least in liquid form and during application.

The study aims to develop recommendations for optimal Internet of things (IoT) based solutions for a smart precision irrigation automation platform using morphological thinking (MT). The smart irrigation system (SIS) can be applied for green roof and green wall (GRGW) design by studying the relationships and configurations that will be analyzed, listed and synthesized, representing “solutions spaces” and their possibilities.

The research examines studying various cases of SIS; and assessing and analyzing the identified case studies through a decision support system (DSS) considering several factors regarding IoT, plant characteristics, monitoring, irrigation system and schedule, climate, cost and sensors used.

To develop recommendations for optimal IoT-based solutions for a smart precision irrigation automation platform.

The research paper analyzes and proposes a simultaneous solution to two conflicting problems. On the one hand, the paper proposes to apply greening of walls and roofs in hot arid regions, which will achieve greater environmental comfort. However, this is extremely difficult to implement in hot arid regions, since there is an objective problem – a lack of water. At the same time, the paper proposes the most rational approaches to organizing an irrigation system with the lowest water consumption and the highest efficiency for landscaping. Accordingly, this paper focuses on evaluating different types of SIS about the hot-arid climate in Qatar. The study aims to develop recommendations for optimal IoT-based solutions for a smart precision irrigation automation platform, which can be applied for green wall and roof design.

In the USA and Europe, agricultural nonpoint source (NPS) pollution continues to be among the chief impediments to achieving water quality standards. While the implementation of technology-based water pollution control tools has resulted in evident point source pollution abatement, NPSs continue to threaten surface water and groundwater. The purpose of this paper is to draw from environmental policy literature to identify regulatory tools and management approaches that specifically target agricultural NPS pollution and the factors that drive or impede their implementation and enforcement. This paper utilizes the policy tool framework to help characterize the widespread policy problem, distinguishing its unique set of hurdles from other environmental problems.

Discussion of agricultural NPS pollution management approaches is based on a thorough review of relevant environmental policy and environmental economic literature as well as case studies from the USA and Europe. Analysis is based on the policy tool framework.

This study finds that controlling numerous diffuse sources of agricultural pollution requires an integrated approach that utilizes river basin management and a mix of policy instruments. Additionally, findings suggest that transitioning from voluntary mechanisms to more effective instruments based on measurable water quality performance relies predominantly on three factors: first, more robust quality monitoring data and models; second, local participation; and third, political will.

This research provides important information for regional and national policymakers in areas where there is increasing pollution and regulatory mandates. Identifying conditions of effective water quality policy is applicable and will be of direct use to agencies charged with pollution control.

The purpose of this paper aims to reduce the manpower, electricity, and water consumption for irrigation.

The IoT-based smart irrigation system designed with various sensors to collect farm field data, and stored all the data in the cloud for scheduling the irrigation.

This system reduces the water and electricity consumption, and labor cost.

Difficult to implement on a small farm field with different crops.

Crop type, soil type and environment data should be considered for better saving of water.

Reduces the water consumption, electricity, man power and increase production.

The soil type, crop type and environment data have been added before irrigation. The climate data also included before scheduling. Dynamic changing of irrigation timings based on the climate and sensor data.

This paper outlines the current position of water based no‐clean liquid fluxes for wave soldering. The primary differences between these and “traditional” alcohol based liquid fluxes are explored using wetting balance methods. Reduced wetting capability (of the flux onto the PCB) can be addressed by using various surfactant additives; improved solderability is due to enhanced acid activator dissociation resulting from increased solvent polarity. Regarding implementation in a production environment, there is only minor impact. A slightly increased preheat capability is required, and foam application demands tight control of the feed gas flow rate. More generally, in addition to the “headline” environmental benefit of reduced VOC emissions, water based liquid fluxes confer significant handling advantages, for example zero flammability and low odour/evaporation at room temperature. Against this background, it is suggested that water based liquid fluxes will become ever more popular.

The new raw materials which have appeared in the two years have been heavily weighted towards water‐based coatings. Thus, these will be emphasised in the discussion that follows. Also of considerable interest are a variety of new solvent‐based acrylic raw materials. Beyond this, there has been only modest variations of existing products useful in the formulation of coatings.

In this special feature details are given of those British paints which can be described as corrosion‐resistant primers, both one‐ and two‐pack. The materials are generally classified according to the base or pigment which actively prevents corrosion—e.g. metallic zinc in zinc/epoxy formulations— or by the base which produces a barrier action against corrosion, e.g. bitumen in bituminous paints. Exceptions to this are the etching primers, which are separately classified. About 300 primers are described, the manufacturers' names and addresses being cross‐indexed and listed separately on page 48.