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The importance of the security-political strategies of Africa's subregional organisations was accentuated in 2002 with the launching of the African Union's Common African Defence and Security Policy (CADSP), which will include, among other things, the establishment of a Continental Early Warning System and an African Standby Force. From that point on, subregional organisations were to be the building blocks of an all-African approach to security politics. The strategies of these organisations range from the top-down approach of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) to the bottom-up approach of the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD). Taking into account the particular characteristics of Africa's regional conflicts, this article examines the relevance for the CADSP of the approaches to conflict prevention and resolution of the latter two organisations. It analyses, first, the challenges facing the African Standby Force through an examination of ECOWAS's security-political strategy, and, second, the challenges facing the Continental Early Warning System through a look at IGAD's strategies. It suggests that two main issues are of critical relevance for the success of the CADSP. First is the lack of compatibility between the all-African strategy and the strategies of the various subregional organisations. Second is the lack of compatibility between formal processes of integration and trans-state regionalism within the continent. Although formal processes of integration are important, informal processes often play a much stronger role, undermining much of the progress made by the formal processes.

Purpose – To examine the implications of arms export controls on the international spread of weapons production and innovation.

Methodology/approach – The chapter analyses predicted responses to arms export controls, drawing on existing literature. It considers incentives to potential buyer countries to develop their own substitutes and a case study of Australia's response to US denial of access to electronic warfare self-protection (EWSP) technology for fighter aircraft.

Findings – Spurred by the US denial of access to relevant EWSP, Australia devoted many years to developing a homegrown substitute. Although Australia achieved some success, the United States ultimately granted Australia access to the technology. Australia then abandoned research, design and development (RD&D) on EWSP for fast jets in 2009. Cause and effect remain a matter of debate.

Research limitations/implications – Insight into the real-world value of the theory is limited by the use of a single case study. Such cases supported by publicly available information are, however, scarce. Countries seeking to circumvent export controls must expect to incur high costs and uncertain outcomes.

Practical implications – Policy-makers should be wary about committing large budgets in developing substitutes for new technologies denied them through export controls. Such efforts may, however, offer the possibility of putting suppliers under pressure unavailable from other actions.

Social implications – Arms export controls designed to limit proliferation of weapons create incentives for states to develop their capabilities for new arms production and to develop new weapons-related knowledge.

Originality/value of the chapter – This chapter provides a new case study which illustrates an innovative approach to arms export control analysis.

This chapter provides an overview of the potential use of Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) and associated artificial intelligence (AI) techniques in the land transport sector in an attempt to achieve related United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) targets. ITS applications that have now been extensively tested worldwide and have become part of the everyday transport toolkit available to practitioners have been discussed. AI techniques applied successfully in specific ITS applications such as automatic traffic control systems, real-time image processing, automatic incident detection, safety management, road condition assessment, asset management and traffic enforcement systems have been identified. These methods have helped to provide traffic engineers and transport planners with novel ways to improve safety, mobility, accessibility and efficiency in the sector and thus move closer to achieving the various SDG targets pertaining to transportation.