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The optimization of a panweight network is studied. A generalized concept summary of optimality is established, which unifies various related principles. This may be viewed as a sort of complement and extension of Bellman's work. Some of its applications in dynamic programming are discussed. A sufficient condition and three necessary conditions are given under which Bellman's principle holds.

Following the study in Ref. 1 the optimization of a panweight network is further studied. A generalized fundamental equation is first defined. A sufficient condition and two necessary conditions are then supplied under which the policy obtained by the fundamental equation must be optimum. Finally, the relation between the fundamental equation and the optimum principle is discussed in detail.

This paper presents a new simplified text of some concepts of pansystems methodology and related applications to pedagogy, methods of teaching, study and creation, including certain principles of operations research, systems theory, cybernetics, etc.

Equilibrium is an important problem in mathematical economics. The paper deals with the problem by establishing pansystems models of equilibrium and introducing ε‐equilibrium solutions. Under the framework of these models, we discuss the existence of equilibrium solution and the ranges where prices, demand and supply commodities vary, respectively.

This paper addresses the practical problem of apportioning the value of land equitably between joint owners of developed property in China in a logical way. Allocation of land share by existing methods causes unfairness. A new concept, using the ratio of land floor value, is introduced and an alternative approach is thereby established. To find such ratios using market data, related statistical techniques and procedures are given. The discussion suggests that the approach is logical in theory and easy to use in practice.

The phosphorus and zinc contained in zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate (ZDDP) caused severe environment pollution and catalyst poison. Thus, the phosphorus-free additive, such as borate esters, has become one of studying hot topics in the area of oil additive. However, the stability of hydrolysis greatly limited the use of borate esters. The purpose of this paper is to improve the stability of hydrolysis by synthesizing a new kind of N-containing heterocyclic borate ester (MTTDB) as a lubricant additive.

The tribological properties of novel borate ester (MTTDB) as an additive in the base oil were studied by a four-ball machine. The element composition and chemical state of the tribofilm were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectrometer and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.

The results showed that the base oil lubricated by MTTDB exhibited high hydrolytic stability, good anti-wear property and excellent extreme pressure performance. When 2.5 per cent MTTDB was added into the 100N base oil, the smallest wear scar diameter (0.46 mm) was obtained. Furthermore, the decomposed borate ester, organic sulfide adsorbed on the worn surface was detected, and S element reacted with the steel surface and generated FeSO4, both of which contributed to the formation of the tribofilm.

Based on N-containing heterocyclic compounds, for instance, thiadiazole derivatives, introducing nitrogen and sulfur elements into borate ester, a new kind of N-containing heterocyclic borate ester (MTTDB) exhibited excellent property in hydrolysis stability, friction-reducing, anti-wear and extreme pressure. This synthesized method would be helpful for the borate ester used as additive in engine oil, gear oil and other industrial lubricants.

Suggests that misunderstandings frequently occur when trying to understand Chinese language and culture, and so gives the implied meaning of various Chinese expressions and sayings such as greetings, thanks, respect, age, congratulations and taboo subjects.

This paper aims to explore the relationship between ethical self-fashioning and citizenship practices in the ongoing revival of “Chinese Traditional Culture” pursued in tandem by the party-state and by private actors in present-day China.

Adopting an anthropological approach, the author draws from three sets of resources: (1) research literature on China’s political history and key texts of early Chinese thought, (2) contemporary state discourses on citizen formation, and (3) participant observation notes and interviews with organizers and followers of the Wu-Wei School (a pseudonym). The author conducts a textual analysis of primary and secondary literature and a critical discourse analysis of the ethnographic data and examines emerging themes.

Firstly, the author identifies a crucial dimension in the historical and cultural roots of Chinese citizenship practices: an enduring conception that binds individual ethical self-improvement with socio-political flourishing. Secondly, examining contemporary state discourses on “citizen quality” and “reviving China’s outstanding traditional culture”, the author showcases how party-state authorities call on individuals to self-reform for national rejuvenation. Thirdly, the author investigates how members of the Wu-Wei School construe their individual pursuits of ethical self-improvement as significant for societal progress.

Based on these findings, the author demonstrates the ways in which autochthonous conceptions of Chinese citizenship give a central place to private acts of self-fashioning. The author argues that the entanglement between individual ethics and citizenship practices constitutes a crucial but largely understudied dimension of Chinese citizenship.