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THE annual production of nickel is small in comparison with that of the common industrial metals, iron and steel, copper, lead, zinc and aluminium, but it is a metal of first class engineering importance because it is mainly used in the form of relatively small additions which have a pronounced influence on the properties of other metals, or in the manufacture of alloys with rather unique properties. Thus nickel finds its way into many branches of the metallurgical industry and the alloys in which it is present have numerous uses in most branches of engineering.

The Arado method of construction was evolved with the following objects in view: (1) Manufacture of a shell type fuselage with double curvature by a method avoiding panel beater work while obtaining an accurate adherence to given contour lines. (2) Use of normal tools without any special fittings. (3) Standard parts which can be used for several types of fuselages. (4)Adaptability to machine riveting or to electrical spot welding. (5) Use of strip material for the shell skin‐planking.

EVER since the beginning of aircraft construction sheet metal fittings have been made by means of oxy‐acetylene welding; usually in the form of fittings connecting parts of plywood fuselages or of wooden wings. Later, strut fittings followed in which U‐shaped sheets or flanges were welded to tubes. Control‐gear parts were made from tubes, bushes and sheet webs. Afterwards, whole fuselages and control components, such as tail plane structures and elevators, became welded tubular structures. All attachments required for engines, undercarriages, wings and installed components were welded up, according to the design practice preferred.

THE organization of the German aircraft industry has been set up around 5 main companies: Junkers, Heinkel, Dornier, Messerschmitt (the former Bayerische Flugzeugwerke), and Focke‐Wulf. All the other companies, with the exception of the Government‐owned Arado works, have been founded as “shadow” factories for those five—that some of them have taken up the development of their own types does not alter the fact that that is their main task.

IT is four years since we published a review of the S.B.A.C. Display. The omission has been due to several causes, among which may be mentioned our feeling that the event was fully covered at the time by our weekly contemporaries whereas our account could not perforce appear till a month later, by which time it might be felt to have become a matter of history rather than topicality.

Organisation theorists have consistently neglected considerations of societal and historical context in studies of power in organisations and this has resulted in incomplete and misconceived theories. This paper is concerned with an issue with which personnel managers often feel very personally involved, viz. the perceived erosion of managerial authority. In particular, the focus here is upon illuminating the confusions and assumptions inherent in the way in which managers in an industrial hierarchical organisation ‘structure’ their world as one in which managerial authority is continually being eroded and undermined. The paper, in examining the derivation of such ‘common sense’ assumptions, gives insights, from a radical perspective, into some of the misconceptions of power in organisations.

Schmoller claimed that the basic principle of social reform was a contemporary version of Aristotelian “justice”. On the one hand Schmoller defends the necessity for social reform against conservative attacks whilst at the same time denying the legitimacy of Socialist demands for income distribution. The Schmoller approach to justice is re‐examined not only as an important contribution to the history of economics, but of surprising contemporary relevancy.

The ideal of greater equality has been an important part of America's self‐image. From the time of the U.S. revolution, when equality was a component in our battle cry for freedom, various political movements have held the ideal of greater equality as central to their programs. More than mere political rhetoric, reducing inequality has been the goal of a broad array of public measures. Yet despite all efforts, wealth and income distribution have changed relatively little in U.S. history.

Scientific Management and Stakhanovism were both popular in the Soviet Union during the 1920s and 1930s as means for increasing productivity and industrial growth. A first‐cut effort at comparing and contrasting these two historically important movements is presented as one means for appreciating the origins of Soviet attitudes towards work.

The purpose of this study is to understand the economic substance of Islamic banking transactions in South Africa and to analyse whether the economic substance is closely related to the legal form. Additionally, this study highlights the similarities and differences in the execution of Islamic banking transactions across different South African banks. The transactions analysed are deposit products of qard and Mudarabah and financing products of Murabaha, Ijarah and diminishing Musharaka.

The study was conducted through interviews with representatives from each of the four South African banks that offers Islamic banking products. Interviews were semi-structured and allowed interviewees to voice their perspectives, increasing the validity of the interviews.

The study found that specific Shariah requirements of Islamic banking transactions are considered and included in the legal structure of the contracts by all four banks offering Islamic banking products. However, the economic reality of these transactions was often significantly different from its legal form and was found to, economically, replicate conventional banking transactions. The study also found that all four banks offer Islamic banking products under the same Shariah principles, but in some instances (e.g. diminishing Musharaka), execute these transactions in different ways. This study is the first of its kind in South Africa.

While safeguards have been used to ensure the reliability and validity of the research, there remain a few inherent limitations which should be noted: interviewees, while chosen for their expertise and level of knowledge, may provide highly technical insight which may be difficult to interpret. Detailed technicalities were therefore excluded from this research. The regulatory environment of banks in South Africa, for example, regulation imposed by the Financial Service Board on all financial institutions in South Africa, has not been explored. However, the regulatory environment was brought to the readers’ attention to help illustrate certain themes. This research uses only Shariah requirements as detailed in Section 2.2 to analyse transactions. Fatwas (rulings) issued by the Shariah Boards of South African Islamic banks have not been included in this study and may be an area of future research.

This study is the first of its kind in South Africa. The study adds to the Islamic banking literature by analysing the real execution of Islamic banking transactions rather than the theoretical compliance with Shariah law.