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We discuss three models describing the carrier densities in highly doped silicon, which have been used for process and device simulation. We calculate nie for each of the models for various doping concentrations within temperature ranges interesting for the device and process simulation. We try to explain the behaviour of nie for high compensation and compare our calculated results to measured values of nie. We offer simple formulae for the calculated nie and show how far the relations between the carrier densities and the Fermi levels can be described by the simple formulae of Boltzmann statistics when we use a doping dependent effective intrinsic number.

A general algorithm for analysis of semiconductors with arbitrary models for heavy doping phenomena is presented. Different models, theoretical as well as empirical, were applied, and minority carrier concentration in the uncompensated n‐type silicon was analyzed. Recalculated into the term of apparent BGN, the results were compared with experimental data. Further analysis of apparent BGN indicated the weakness of empirical formulae for apparent BGN. Assumption of total ionization of impurities considered in the analysis is discussed and justified.

This paper describes a new two‐dimensional process simulation program MUSIC (MUltigrid Simulator for IC fabrication processes) which is prospective for the efficient IC process simulations due to its capability to eliminate strong bottlenecks present in the existing two‐dimensional process simulation programs. Multistep processes, including ion implantation, diffusion and oxidation, can be simulated, giving the doping profile. Robust and efficient adaptive multigrid numerical techniques for the simulation of coupled multiparticle diffusion processes are used. The capabilities of program MUSIC are illustrated by the results of the process flow simulation of a typical NMOS and bipolar transistors fabricated in BiCMOS technology.

The coupled set of non‐linear 2D diffusion equations for donor and acceptor type impurities with initial and appropriated boundary conditions is solved by an implicit locally‐one dimensional finite difference method. Numerical experiments have been made to achieve a reasonable trade‐off between the desired accuracy and the CPU time. The algorithm was implemented to the process module of the 2‐D integrated process and device modeling system IMPEDANCE 2.0.

The following bibliography focuses mainly on programs which can run on IBM microcomputers and compatibles under the operating system PC DOS/MS DOS, and which can be used in online information and documentation work. They fall into the following categories:

This study intends to find the industries that have leveraged Robotic Process Automation (RPA) technology and elucidate the extent of the adoption of RPA in various industry domains with benefits. The identification of tasks eligible for RPA itself is a challenge. Therefore, the study further brings out the challenges faced in various industry verticals and postulates the future direction of research and applications in RPA.

The study focuses on articles from popular databases such as SCOPUS, Web of Science and Google scholar. PRISMA methodology is used for systematic literature review and 113 papers are shortlisted for study. Three questions are framed to carry out the review and set the research direction.

It is evident from this study that RPA has been widely used in banking and related areas with moderate use in healthcare and manufacturing leading to operational efficiency and productivity. However, there are a lot more opportunities in other domains that need to be taped by leveraging technology advancements and a research agenda has been devised by postulating future directions.

The study brings out a new comprehensive perspective as regards RPA implementation across domains. There is no promising study found that gathers three-dimensional aspects of the meta-themes applications, benefits and challenges. The study summarizes the research agenda and projects the industry domains that have not yet explored, the benefits of RPA. This will be a good reference article for those who develop RPA techniques and organizations that have plans to go for RPA.

In this paper the authors aim to examine the forms in which feminist activism is played out at contemporary managerial universities and pose the following question: what notions of feminist activism and feminist theory have to be revisited in order to sustain the target of gender equality and support its move further into the centre and the mainstream of managerial universities?

Based on action research the authors document a workshop which they organised for different constituencies (administrators, researchers and feminist activists) working towards gender equality at an Austrian university and discuss its results in the context of feminist theory.

The five voices collected at the workshop show that feminist theories are still the underlying guiding principles for feminist activism towards gender equality at managerial universities. As this is the first time that different generations of feminist activists have been present at managerial universities and are working in a top‐down environment supported by administrators responsible for gender equality, common practices that have been successful to implement gender equality in the past have to be refined and new spaces for collaboration established.

This is the first paper that explores the multiple voices amongst those engaged in the process of transformation towards gender equality at contemporary managerial universities. It shows that an open discussion of complementary and conflicting ways in which the representatives can construct their selves, their strategies and their actions is required in order to start “managing the management” anew – from a higher level than the feminist grassroots activists in the 1980s and 1990s.