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The share of renewable energy sources (RESs) in the power system is increasing day by day. The RESs are intermittent, therefore maintaining the grid stability and power balance is very difficult. The purpose of this paper is to control the inverters in microgrid using different control strategies to maintain the system stability and power balance.

In this paper, different control strategies are implemented to the voltage source converter (VSC) to get the desired performance. The DQ control is a basic control strategy that is inherently present in the droop and virtual synchronous machine (VSM) control strategies. The droop and VSM control strategies are inspired by the conventional synchronous machine (SM). The main objective of this work is to design and implement the three aforementioned control strategies in microgrid.

The significant contributions of this work are: the detailed implementation of DQ control, droop control and VSM control strategies for VSC in both grid-connected mode and standalone mode is presented; the MATLAB/Simulink simulation results and comparative studies of the three aforementioned controllers are introduced first time in the proposed work; and the opal-RT digital real-time simulation results of the proposed VSM control show the superiority in transient response compared to the droop control strategy.

In the power system, the power electronic-based power allowed by VSM is dominated by the conventional power which is generated from the traditional SM, and then the issues related to stability still need advance study. There are some differences between the SM and VSM characteristics, so the integration of VSM with the existing system still needs further study. Economical operation of VSM with hybrid storage is also one of the future scopes of this work.

The significant contributions of this work are: the detailed implementation of DQ control, droop control and VSM control strategies for VSC in both grid-connected mode and standalone mode is presented; the MATLAB/Simulink simulation results and comparative studies of the three aforementioned controllers are introduced first time in the proposed work; and the opal-RT digital real-time simulation results of the proposed VSM control show the superiority in transient response compared to the droop control strategy.

The purpose of studying the low voltage direct current (DC) microgrid, which uses computerised control system techniques, an orderly coordination control stratagem considering optimisation of a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) was projected in this paper.

The projected control stratagem was divided into three levels: topmost power dispatch level, transitional bus voltage regulation level and bottommost converter control level.

At the topmost power dispatch level, the cost of system stability was introduced, which is related with state of charge and discharging power of HESS.

Furthermore, the cost of system stability and HESS depreciation was compared with commercial price, and HESS switches its operating mode to discharge more at higher price or charge more at lower price to ensure the DC microgrid in economic operation. At the transitional bus voltage regulation level, DC bus gesturing is used as a control signal to achieve an autonomous decentralised operation of DC microgrid. The Matlab/Simulink simulation inveterate that the economical and autonomous decentralised operation can be achieved through the control stratagem.

Self-commuted voltage source converter (VSC) can significantly extend the flexibility and operability of an HVDC system and be used to implement the concept of multi-terminal HVDC (MTDC) grid. To take full advantage of MTDC systems, its overall behaviour must be characterized in quasi static and dynamic states. Based on the numerous literatures, a dedicated two-level VSC model and its local controllers and DC grid voltage regulators are developed for this purpose. Furthermore, the requirement of the system to guarantee all the physical constrains must be well assessed and concrete demonstrations must be provided by numerical simulations.

First, a two-level VSC model and its local controllers and DC grid voltage regulators are developed. Then, DC cable models are investigated and their characteristics are assessed in the frequency domain. Those developed models are combined to form a three-terminal HVDC grid system on Matlab/Simulink platform. To analyze the stability of this electrical system, the dynamics of the system against variations of power dispatch are observed.

To analyze the stability of this electrical system, the dynamics of the system against variations of power dispatch are observed. The differences in the DC grid voltage dynamics and the power flow of the converter stations coming from the embedded primary controls are analysed, and the technical requirements for both cases are assessed.

In this paper, the dynamic stability of an MTDC system has been analysed and assessed through an adequate simulation model, including its control scheme and the cable models. The interest of the improved PI model for cables is highlighted.

The purpose of the paper is to introduce the dynamic phasor modelling (DPM) approach for stability investigation and control design of single-phase phase-locked loops (PLLs). The aim is to identify the system instabilities not predicted using the existent analysis and design methods based on the simplified average model approach.

This paper starts by investigating the performance of three commonly used PLL schemes: the inverse park-PLL, the second-order generalised integrators (SOGI)-frequency-locked loop and the enhanced-PLL, designed using the simplified average model and will show that following this approach, there is a mismatch between their actual and desired transient performance. A new PLL design method is then proposed based on the DPM approach that allows the development of fourth-order DPM models. The small-signal eigenvalues analysis of the fourth-order DPM models is used to determine the control gains and the stability limits.

The DPM approach is proven to be useful for single-phase PLLs stability analysis and control parameters design. It has been successfully used to design the control parameters and to predict the PLL stability limits, which have been validated via simulation and experimental tests consisting of grid voltage sag, phase jump and frequency step change.

This paper has introduced the use of DPM approach for the purpose of single-phase PLL stability analysis and control design. The approach has enabled accurate control gains design and stability limits identification of single-phase PLLs.

This study aims to provide a solution of the power flow calculation for the low-voltage ditrect current power grid. The direct current (DC) power grid is becoming a reliable and economic alternative to millions of residential loads. The power flow (PF) in the DC network has some similarities with the alternative current case, but there are important differences that deserve to be further concerned. Moreover, the dispatchable distributed generators (DGs) in DC network can realize the flexible voltage control based on droop-control or virtual impedance-based methods. Thus, DC PF problems are still required to further study, such as hosting all load types and different DGs.

The DC power analysis was explored in this paper, and an improved Newton–Raphson based linear PF method has been proposed. Considering that constant impedance (CR), constant current (CI) and constant power (CP) (ZIP) loads can get close to the practical load level, ZIP load has been merged into the linear PF method. Moreover, DGs are much common and can be easily connected to the DC grid, so V nodes and the dispatchable DG units with droop control have been further taken into account in the proposed method.

The performance and advantages of the proposed method are investigated based on the results of the various test systems. The two existing linear models were used to compare with the proposed linear method. The numerical results demonstrate enough accuracy, strong robustness and high computational efficiency of the proposed linear method even in the heavily-loaded conditions and with 10 times the line resistances.

The conductance corresponding to each constant resistance load and the equivalent conductance for the dispatchable unit can be directly merged into the self-conductance (diagonal component) of the conductance matrix. The constant current loads and the injection powers from dispatchable DG units can be treated as the current sources in the proposed method. All of those make the PF model much clear and simple. It is capable of offering enough accuracy level, and it is suitable for applications in DC networks that require a large number of repeated PF calculations to optimize the energy flows under different scenarios.

This paper describes models of micro‐turbines and fuel cells, which can be used in stability studies.

The plants models derived are based on the main equations. These models are developed in the Laplace domain and transient simulation is done using a software developed based on the MATLAB package.

The micro‐source is capable of providing effective load‐following service in the distribution system. However, the results also show that the micro‐source is not an uninterruptible power supply and does not protect the load from voltage instability while in grid‐connect mode. When a micro‐turbine plant is connected to a point where it gives support to a load in fault conditions, the lower the inertia of micro‐turbine plant, the greater is the destabilizing tendency for faults in the distribution system. On the other hand, transient stability is enhanced with aid of the SOFC inverter.

The effects of these micro‐sources on the network performance are shown and a distribution system embedded with the micro‐sources is used as an example. Finally, transient stability and voltage stability of the system are investigated.

Power amplifiers (PAs) play an important role in wireless communications because they dominate system performance. High-linearity broadband PAs are of great value for potential use in multi-band system implementation. The purpose of this paper is to present a cascode power amplifier architecture to achieve high power and high efficiency requirements for 4.2∼5.4 GHz applications.

A common emitter (CE) configuration with a stacked common base configuration of heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) is used to achieve high power. T-type matching network is used as input matching network. To increase the bandwidth, the output matching networks are implemented using the two L-networks.

By using the proposed method, the stacked PA demonstrates a maximum saturated output power of 26.2 dBm, a compact chip size of 1.17 × 0.59 mm² and a maximum power-added efficiency of 46.3 per cent. The PA shows a wideband small signal gain with less than 3 dB variation over working frequency. The saturated output power of the proposed PA is higher than 25 dBm between 4.2 and 5.4 GHz.

The technology adopted for the design of the 4.2-to-5.4 GHz stacked PA is the 2-µm gallium arsenide HBT process. Based on the proposed method, a better power performance of 3 dB improvement can be achieved as compared with the conventional CE or common-source amplifier because of high output stacking impedance.

In this work, generation control of an isolated small hydro plant (SHP) is demonstrated by applying optimal controllers in speed governor and hydraulic turbine system. A comparative analysis of application of fuzzy PI (FPI) and PID controller is conferred for generation control (both power and terminal voltage) of an SHP. The controllers are designed optimally by using crow search algorithm (CSA) and novel hybrid differential evolution crow search algorithm (DECSA). The purpose of this paper is to settle the voltage and real power to improve the quality of the power.

In this work, the controllers (PID and FPI) are implemented in speed governor and excitation system of SHP to regulate power and terminal voltage. Differential evolution and CSA are hybridized to enhance the performance of controller to refurbish the power and terminal voltage of SHP.

The proposed DECSA algorithm is applied to solve ten benchmark functions, and the effectiveness of DECSA algorithm over CSA and DE is demonstrated in terms of best value, mean and standard deviation. CSA and DECSA algorithms optimized controllers (PID and FPI) are used to design SHP with the capability to contribute power and voltage of better quality. The comparative analysis to substantiate the competence of DECSA algorithm and FPI controller is demonstrated in terms of statistical measures of power and voltage of SHP. Robustness analysis is performed by varying all system parameters to prove the effectiveness of the proposed controller.

The proposed algorithm and FPI controller are applied individually to improve the quality of the power of SHP. DE, CSA and DECSA algorithms are implemented to solve benchmark equations. The solutions of all benchmark equations contributed by DECSA algorithm is converged rapidly and having minimum statistical measures as compared to DE and CSA algorithms. The DECSA algorithm and FPI controller are proposed with superior competence to enhance the generator performances by conceding undershoot, overshoot and settling time of power and terminal voltage. DECSA-based FPI controller contributes a noticeable improvement of the performances over other approaches.

The purpose of this paper is to present a new system frequency response model with participation of wind-hydro-thermal units to overcome frequency deviations.

The extracted minimum frequency equation is considered as a constraint in security-constrained unit commitment calculations. Because of high-order polynomials in the frequency transfer function and high degree of nonlinearity of minimum frequency constraint, Routh stability criterion method and piecewise linearization technique are used to reduce system order and linearize the system frequency response model, respectively.

The results of this paper indicate that by using this model, the hourly minimum frequency is improved and is kept within defined range.

This combined model can be used to evaluate the frequency of the power system following unexpected load increase or generation disturbances. It also can be used to investigate the system frequency performance and ensure power system security which are caused by peak load or loss of generation in presence of renewable energies.

Increased investment of a photovoltaic (PV) array makes it essential for the client to attain better results from the PV system. The nonlinearity of the PV array and the revolution and rotation of the earth require the appliance of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) to the system. Accordingly, grid connected PV systems have turn out to be renowned, because they do not require battery back-ups to accomplish MPPT. Stand-alone systems could also attain MPPT; however, they require appropriate battery back-ups for this function.

This survey intends to formulate a review on the PV-based microgrid (MG) systems. Here, the literature analyses on diverse techniques associated with PV-based MG systems. It reviews 65 research papers and states the significant analysis. Initially, the analysis depicts various controllers that are contributed in different papers. Subsequently, the analysis also focuses on various features such as PV capacity and inverter topology, and it also analyses the renewable grid source that are exploited in each paper. Furthermore, this paper provides the detailed study regarding the chronological review and performance achievements in each contribution. Finally, it extends the various research issues which can be useful for the researchers to accomplish further research on PV-based MG systems.

This paper has presented a detailed review on PV-based MG systems that were enumerated in the above sections. Here, various controllers along with their better achievements were analyzed and described. From the review, it was known that several PV-based MG systems were really at the point for enabling better power output and conversion efficiency. In conclusion, this paper reviewed about 65 research papers and declared the significant analysis. Initially, the analysis also focused on various controller classifications in PV-based MG systems that were reviewed in this paper. Subsequently, the analysis also focused on various features, such as PV capacity and inverter topology. The analysis also reviewed the performance achievements and renewable gird source that were exploited in PV-based MG systems. At last, this paper has presented various research issues which can be useful for the researchers to accomplish further research on the features of PV-based MG systems.

This paper presents a brief analysis of PV-based MG systems. This is the first work that uses PV-based MG systems for better regulation of MPPT.