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1 – 10 of 635
Article
Publication date: 15 August 2016

Lei Yan, Xueyang Chen, Wei Li, Joseph Newkirk and Frank Liou

This paper aims to achieve Ti-6Al-4V from Ti, Al and V elemental powder blends using direct laser deposition (DLD) and to understand the effects of laser transverse speed and…

527

Abstract

Purpose

This paper aims to achieve Ti-6Al-4V from Ti, Al and V elemental powder blends using direct laser deposition (DLD) and to understand the effects of laser transverse speed and laser power on the initial fabrication of deposit’s microstructure and Vickers hardness.

Design/methodology/approach

Two sets of powder blends with different weight percentage ratio for three elemental powder were used during DLD process. Five experiments with different processing parameters were performed to evaluate how microstructure and Vickers hardness change with laser power and laser transverse speed. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, optical microscopy and Vickers hardness test were used to analyze deposits’ properties.

Findings

This paper reveals that significant variance of elemental powder’s size and density would cause lack of weight percentage of certain elements in final part and using multiple coaxial powder nozzles design would be a solution. Also, higher laser power or slower laser transverse speed tend to benefit the formation of finer microstructures and increase Vickers hardness.

Originality/value

This paper demonstrates a new method to fabricate Ti-6Al-4V and gives out a possible weight percentage ratio 87:7:6 for Ti:Al:V at powder blends during DLD process. The relationship between microstructure and Vickers hardness with laser power and laser transverse speed would provide valuable reference for people working on tailoring material properties using elemental powder method.

Details

Rapid Prototyping Journal, vol. 22 no. 5
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1355-2546

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 4 September 2017

Muhamad Zamri Yahaya and Ahmad Azmin Mohamad

This paper aims to cover the recent (2010-2016) techniques for carrying out hardness evaluation on lead-free solders. Details testing configuration/design were compiled and…

Abstract

Purpose

This paper aims to cover the recent (2010-2016) techniques for carrying out hardness evaluation on lead-free solders. Details testing configuration/design were compiled and discussed accordingly to each of the measurement techniques: Vickers microhardness, Brinell microhardness and nanoindentation.

Design/methodology/approach

A brief introduction on lead-free solders and the concept of hardness testing has been described at the beginning of the review. Equipment setup, capabilities, test configuration and outcomes were presented for each technique and discussed in parallel along with the case studies from selected articles.

Findings

Comparison, outcomes and insight regarding each of the methods were highlighted to observe the recent trends, scientific challenges, limitations and probable breakthroughs of the particular hardness testing methods.

Originality/value

The compilation of latest reports, technical setup plus with the critics and perception from the authors are the main key value in this review. This provides an in-depth understanding and guidance for conducting hardness evaluation on lead-free solders.

Details

Soldering & Surface Mount Technology, vol. 29 no. 4
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0954-0911

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 14 May 2018

Jingwei Zhang, Yunlu Zhang, Wei Li, Sreekar Karnati, Frank Liou and Joseph W. Newkirk

This paper aims to manufacture Ti6Al4V/TiC functionally graded material (FGM) by direct laser deposition (DLD) using Ti6Al4V and TiC powder. The objective is to investigate the…

Abstract

Purpose

This paper aims to manufacture Ti6Al4V/TiC functionally graded material (FGM) by direct laser deposition (DLD) using Ti6Al4V and TiC powder. The objective is to investigate the effect of process parameters and TiC composition on microstructure, Vickers hardness and mechanical properties.

Design/methodology/approach

Powder blends with three different volume percentages of Ti6Al4V and TiC were used as feed material for DLD process. Five experiments with different values of laser power and scan speed were conducted to investigate the effect on microstructure and Vickers hardness for different compositions of feed material. Mini-tensile tests were performed to evaluate the mechanical properties of the FGM samples. Digital image correlation (DIC) was applied to estimate Young’s modulus and ultimate tensile stress (UTS) of heterogeneous material.

Findings

This paper indicates that primary carbide, eutectic carbide and un-melted carbide phases are formed in the FGM deposit. As the energy density was increased, the primary and secondary dendrite arm spacing was found to increase. As TiC composition was increased, Young’s modulus increased and UTS decreased. The dendritic morphology of primary TiC growth was expected to cause low resistance for crack propagation, causing lower UTS values. Tensile specimens cut in vertical orientation were observed to possess higher values of Young’s modulus in comparison with specimens cut horizontally at low carbon content.

Originality/value

Current work presents unique and original contributions from the study of miniature FGM tensile specimens using DIC method. It investigates the effect of specimen orientation and TiC content on Young’s modulus and UTS. The relationship between energy density and dendritic arm spacing was evaluated. The relationship between laser power and scan speed with microstructure and Vickers hardness was investigated.

Details

Rapid Prototyping Journal, vol. 24 no. 4
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1355-2546

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 22 March 2013

V. Muthukumaran, M. Senthil kumar and V. Selladurai

The purpose of the paper is to study effect of the implantation of oxygen and helium ions on the corrosion performance of the AISI3l6L stainless steel. It presents useful new…

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of the paper is to study effect of the implantation of oxygen and helium ions on the corrosion performance of the AISI3l6L stainless steel. It presents useful new results which allows one to draw conclusions as to the suitability of the helium and oxygen ion implanted AISI 316L stainless steel for biomedical use in the body.

Design/methodology/approach

The implantation of oxygen and helium ions was done on AISI 316L SS at an energy level of 100 keV at a dose of 1×1017 ions/cm2, at room temperature. In order to simulate the natural tissue environment, an electrochemical test using cyclic polarization was done in a 0.9 percent sodium chloride solution at a pH value of 6.3 at 37°C. This was carried out on both the virgin and implanted AISI 316L stainless steel for the purpose of comparing performance. In addition to this, the hardness of the virgin and implanted samples was also studied using Vickers microhardness tester with varying loads. Besides, the surface morphologies of the implanted samples and the corroded samples were studied with XRD and SEM.

Findings

From the study the following findings are made. First, the XRD and SEM results were found to be in accordance with the corrosion test results. Second, the general corrosion behavior showed a significant improvement in the case of both helium implanted (icorr=0.0689 mA/cm2) and oxygen implanted (icorr=1.104 mA/cm2), when compared to the virgin AISI 316L SS (icorr=1.2187 mA/cm2). The pitting corrosion showed a significant improvement for helium implanted (Epit=230 mV) when compared to virgin material (Epit=92 mV). The oxygen implanted has not shown any improvement (Epit=92 mV). The surface hardness is found to be 1202 HV for helium implanted and 1020 HV for oxygen implanted, while it is found to be 195 HV for the virgin material. The hardness of the helium and oxygen implanted samples is found to be increased by about 600 percent and 500 percent, respectively, when compared to the virgin samples. Helium implanted samples show better performance in terms of corrosion resistance and hardness when compared to those of the oxygen implanted samples.

Originality/value

Although a number of authors have conducted many research on AISI 316L stainless steel, this work has original experimental results in terms of the oxygen and helium ion implantation parameters used and the specific tests: microhardness, electrochemical corrosion test, SEM and XRD that were used. It thus presents useful new results which allows one to draw conclusions as to the suitability of the Helium and Oxygen ion implanted AISI 316L stainless steel for biomedical use.

Details

Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology, vol. 11 no. 1
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1726-0531

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 1 October 2018

Tunde Isaac Ogedengbe, Taiwo Ebenezer Abioye and Augusta Ijeoma Ekpemogu

The purpose of this study is to conduct gas tungsten arc dissimilar welding of AISI 304 stainless steel and low carbon steel within a process window so as to investigate the…

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to conduct gas tungsten arc dissimilar welding of AISI 304 stainless steel and low carbon steel within a process window so as to investigate the effects of current, speed and gas flow rate (GFR) on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the weldments.

Design/methodology/approach

The welding experiment was carried out at different combinations of parameters using WN-250S Kaierda electric welding machine. A combination of scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy was used to examine the microstructure of the weldments. Micro-hardness and tensile tests were performed using Vickers hardness tester and Instron universal testing machine, respectively. ANOVA was used to analyze the significance of the parameters on the mechanical properties.

Findings

The microstructure of the weld region is characterized with dendritic structure with the existence of ferrite and austenite phases. The utilized parameters show significant effects on the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of the weldments. The current and GFR were found to be the most and least significant factors, respectively. Both the grain size and weld penetration contributed to the UTS of the weldments. The UTS (427-886 MPa) increased with decreasing current and welding speed. In all samples, the weld region exhibited higher hardness (297-396 HV) than the HAZ in the base metals (maximum of 223 Â ± 6 HV). All the three factors show significant effect with the welding speed contributing mostly to the hardness of the weld region.

Originality/value

The parametric combination that gives the optimum mechanical performance of the dissimilar gas tungsten arc weldments of AISI 304 stainless steel and low carbon steel was established.

Details

World Journal of Engineering, vol. 15 no. 5
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1708-5284

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 3 February 2021

Nalin Somani, Navjot Singh and Nitin Kumar Gupta

The purpose of this paper is to based upon the joining and characterization (mechanical and metallurgical) of ferritic stainless steel (SS)-430 using a microwave hybrid heating…

260

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to based upon the joining and characterization (mechanical and metallurgical) of ferritic stainless steel (SS)-430 using a microwave hybrid heating (MHH) phenomenon.

Design/methodology/approach

The preliminary experiments were conducted using nickel-based powder as interface material using a domestic microwave oven at a frequency of 2.45 GHz and 900 W power for 720 s. The processed joint was metallurgically characterized by means of X-ray diffraction, Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and Field emission scanning electron microscopy. Mechanical characterization was done by means of tensile and Vickers’ microhardness testing to check the hardness and strength of the joint.

Findings

The metallurgical study revealed that the microstructure and formation of numerous phases of Fe2Si3 accompanied by chromium and nickel carbides. The average hardness of 359 Hv at the center of the joint and 637 Hv around the boundaries of the joint was observed. The tensile strength of the joint was observed to 471 MPa with an elongation of 9.02%. The worn surface of the joint signifies the presence of plastic deformation and it was limited due to the presence of harder phases such as Ni3Si and Ni3C.

Research limitations/implications

The concept of microwave joining of metals is a very challenging task as the temperature can not be controlled in the inert atmosphere of the microwave. It has been also observed that at certain elevated temperatures, the material starts absorbing the microwaves; which is unknown. So, a more intensive study is required to overcome these kinds of limitations.

Practical implications

MHH technique can be used to process different materials such as ceramics, composites and polymers. SS-430 joined by microwave heating is highly corrosion resistive and has wide applications in refrigerators cabinet panels, dishwasher linings, chimney liners, lashing wires, etc.

Originality/value

As of the author’s best knowledge, no work has been reported on the joining of SS-430 which has huge potential in the industries. Also, no work has been reported on the characterization of microwave joined SS-430.

Details

Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology , vol. 19 no. 6
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1726-0531

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 2 January 2018

Qin Lian, Wenquan Sui, Xiangquan Wu, Fei Yang and Shaopeng Yang

This paper aims to develop an additive manufacturing technique for complex zirconia ceramic dental bridges.

1494

Abstract

Purpose

This paper aims to develop an additive manufacturing technique for complex zirconia ceramic dental bridges.

Design/methodology/approach

To carry out this study, a dental bridge model was obtained by three-dimensional reverse engineering, and a light-curable zirconia ceramic suspension was formulated. Zirconia bridges were manufactured by stereolithography and then treated by vacuum freeze drying, vacuum infiltration and sintering. The optimal scanning speed was determined according to the shape precision comparison. Then, characteristics of the sintered ceramic parts were tested as size shrinkage, relative density, surface Vickers hardness, surface roughness and microstructure.

Findings

The method for preparation of light-curable zirconia suspension (40 volume per cent solid loading) with a viscosity value of 127 mPa·s was proposed. The optimal laser scanning speed for zirconia bridge fabrication was 1200 mm/s. A relative density of 98.58 per cent was achieved; the obtained surface Vickers hardness and surface roughness were 1,398 HV and 2.06 µm, respectively.

Originality/value

This paper provides a potential technical method for manufacturing complex zirconia dental bridges and other small complex-shaped ceramic components which are difficult to be made by other manufacturing techniques.

Details

Rapid Prototyping Journal, vol. 24 no. 1
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1355-2546

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 20 April 2012

Wahyudin P. Syam, Huda A. Al‐Shehri, A.M. Al‐Ahmari, Khalid A. Al‐Wazzan and M.A. Mannan

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the potential application of electron beam melting, as a layered manufacturing process, to fabricate dental coping of metal‐ceramic…

2924

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the potential application of electron beam melting, as a layered manufacturing process, to fabricate dental coping of metal‐ceramic crown restoration using Ti6Al4V powder.

Design/methodology/approach

This experiment was conducted in two steps: shrinkage study to determine scale up factor for shrinkage compensation and parameter selection study, based on thickness, hardness, and surface roughness, to select process parameter of electron beam melting.

Findings

A promising result of fabricating metal coping of Ti6Al4V via electron beam melting was shown. Ti6Al4V coping was successfully fabricated, with an average thickness of 0.52 mm required for dental coping. Total average hardness of 333.35 HV that is comparable to casted Ti6Al4V with considerably high roughness of RSm of 382 μm.

Originality/value

The paper presents a novel application of electron beam melting to fabricate metal coping for metal‐ceramic crown restoration.

Details

Rapid Prototyping Journal, vol. 18 no. 3
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1355-2546

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 1 October 1941

Raymond W. Young

THE Mercedes‐Benz Model DB‐601A aero‐engine is a development of the Daimler‐Benz Aktiengesellschaft of Stuttgart, Germany, a firm which lias been engaged in the manufacture of…

Abstract

THE Mercedes‐Benz Model DB‐601A aero‐engine is a development of the Daimler‐Benz Aktiengesellschaft of Stuttgart, Germany, a firm which lias been engaged in the manufacture of automotive and aero‐engines for over fifty years. During the first World War the Daimler Motorcn Gesellschaft of Stuttgart produced the famous Mercedes aero‐engines iii three 6‐cylindcr types with ratings of 160 horse‐power, 180 horse‐power, and 260 horse‐power. Equally renowned were the 160 horse‐power and 230 horse‐power 6‐cylindcr aero‐engines built by Benz and Company in Mannheim. After the war, and as a result of the economic and financial crisis which brought almost complete stagnation to the automotive industry in Germany during the early twenties, these two companies were practically forced to combine their activities in order to survive. Accordingly in 1926 a merger was consummated between the Daimler and Benz organizations. Thus came into being the firm of Daimler‐Benz A.G. and their product, the Mercedes‐Benz line of automotive vehicles and aircraft power plants.

Details

Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology, vol. 13 no. 10
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0002-2667

Article
Publication date: 4 April 2022

Lina Syazwana Kamaruzzaman and Yingxin Goh

This paper aims to review recent reports on mechanical properties of Sn-Bi and Sn-Bi-X solders (where X is an additional alloying element), in terms of the tensile properties…

Abstract

Purpose

This paper aims to review recent reports on mechanical properties of Sn-Bi and Sn-Bi-X solders (where X is an additional alloying element), in terms of the tensile properties, hardness and shear strength. Then, the effects of alloying in Sn-Bi solder are compared in terms of the discussed mechanical properties. The fracture morphologies of tensile shear tested solders are also reviewed to correlate the microstructural changes with mechanical properties of Sn-Bi-X solder alloys.

Design/methodology/approach

A brief introduction on Sn-Bi solder and reasons to enhance the mechanical properties of Sn-Bi solder. The latest reports on Sn-Bi and Sn-Bi-X solders are combined in the form of tables and figures for each section. The presented data are discussed by comparing the testing method, technical setup, specimen dimension and alloying element weight percentage, which affect the mechanical properties of Sn-Bi solder.

Findings

The addition of alloying elements could enhance the tensile properties, hardness and/or shear strength of Sn-Bi solder for low-temperature solder application. Different weight percentage alloying elements affect differently on Sn-Bi solder mechanical properties.

Originality/value

This paper provides a compilation of latest report on tensile properties, hardness, shear strength and deformation of Sn-Bi and Sn-Bi-X solders and the latest trends and in-depth understanding of the effect of alloying elements in Sn-Bi solder mechanical properties.

Details

Soldering & Surface Mount Technology, vol. 34 no. 5
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0954-0911

Keywords

1 – 10 of 635