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The purpose of the study, upon which this paper is based, was to contribute an improved understanding of the vertical extension of buildings, by presenting a development process for its implementation in which the key aspects to consider when planning such extensions are highlighted.

The approach is based on linking the diffusion of innovation together with case study research to stimulate further development in vertically extending buildings. Four cases of vertically extended buildings in Sweden were selected for the study.

The development process highlights seven key areas for decisions when planning a vertical extension. These areas are: opportunities for vertical extension; strategies for implementation; detailed planning process; concept development; evaluation; building permit; and procurement. The development processes and lessons learnt from each case are presented, covering both success and failure.

The research is based on four cases of vertically extended buildings. The findings offer valuable insights into the development process which should provide the research community with an improved understanding of the challenges faced.

The findings will help planners, housing owners, housing developers and facility managers better understand the conditions that favour successful implementation of vertical extensions.

The paper provides the reader with an understanding of the challenges faced in the vertical extension of a building and the means of overcoming them to create a simplified development process.

This paper is based on a study of six similar buildings built in Gothenburg, Sweden, in 1971, which were in urgent need of renovation. A life cycle profit analysis shows how four competing concepts were evaluated to find a financially viable renovation concept; additionally, the environmental impacts of these renovation concepts using a life cycle assessment are presented.

Four renovation concepts are compared to find the most appropriate concept, namely, minimalist, code-compliant, low-energy and low-energy plus vertical extension concepts. The methods used for comparison are life cycle profit analysis and life cycle impact assessment; the methods used for data gathering included site visits, interviews, document study, co-benefits study and energy simulation.

The findings show that vertical extension supported the energy-efficient renovation of the buildings and that the combination of low-energy and the vertical extension had the highest return on investment and the lowest environmental impact. The selected concept for renovating the remaining five buildings combined was the low-energy plus vertical extension. Additional benefits from vertical extension include more apartments in central locations for the housing company, a wider variety of apartment layouts and a wider range of tenants. Drawbacks include increased use of infrastructure, green space and common appliances, as well as gentrification.

This study shows how a vertical extension can financially enable an energy-efficient renovation and further lower its environmental impact. Benefits and drawbacks of densification are also highlighted to better understand the implementation of vertically extending a building.

The paper examines the cultural differences in consumers' evaluations of vertical brand extensions.

A 2 (extension types: upward, downward) × 2 (nationality: USA, China) × 2 (ownership: owner, non-owner) between-subjects design with thinking styles as a covariate was employed to test consumers' evaluations of vertical brand extensions. A total of 228 subjects from the US and 194 from China participated in the two experimental studies.

The paper finds that consumers prefer downward extensions to upward extensions. Furthermore, Chinese consumers have even more favorable evaluations of downward extension products than do American consumers. In addition, analytic thinkers exhibit a stronger ownership effect than holistic thinkers.

The research contributes to the understanding of culture differences in vertical brand extension evaluations.

To introduce the concept of cultural equity and provide a theoretical framework for managing cultural equity in multi-cultural markets.

Recent research on the social psychology of globalization, cross-cultural consumer behavior, consumer culture, and global branding is reviewed to develop a theoretical framework for building, leveraging, and protecting cultural equity.

Provides an actionable definition for a brand’s cultural equity, discusses consumer responses to brands that relate to cultural equity, identifies the building blocks of cultural equity, and develops a framework for managing cultural equity.

Research conducted mainly in large cities in North and South America, Europe, the Middle East, and East Asia. Generalizations to less developed parts of the world might be limited.

A very useful theoretical framework for managers interested in building cultural equity into their brands and for leveraging this equity via new products and the development of new markets.

The paper integrates past findings across a variety of domains to develop a parsimonious framework for managing cultural equity in globalized markets.

A key challenge for hybrid organizations is managing to recombine the different institutional logics they incorporate while navigating complex, fast-changing environments. To examine how hybrids address this issue, the authors analyze the evolution of the Italian fiscal police – the Guardia di Finanza – from its foundation in 1862. Building on this unique case of a fiscal law enforcement agency that incorporates public fiscal and military logics, the authors propose that hybrid organizations can integrate the different logics they incorporate on the basis of four mechanisms. The mechanisms of upward and downward vertical integration trigger the integration of different logics throughout the entire organization. Integrated horizontal task extension and integrated horizontal competency extension enable an organization to manage a broader range of tasks while it develops the competencies that environmental complexity demands. These four mechanisms interact and, when properly managed, reinforce each other. With this chapter, the authors contribute to research on the processual nature of organizational hybridity and to broader research on the role of structures and competencies in dealing with environmental complexity.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the problem of optimal product line design in marketing channels where consumers are heterogeneous in both horizontal and vertical dimensions.

This paper develops a model to evaluate when it is preferable for a firm to extend the product line in a vertical or horizontal direction. Consumers are modeled as being vertically heterogeneous with respect to their valuation of quality and horizontally heterogeneous with respect to their preference on the esthetic component of the product. These model characteristics allow us to consider a broader set of product line extension strategies. By considering both a vertically integrated channel and a decentralized channel, this study investigates how channel structure influences optimal product line design. The problem with supplemental numerical analyses is mathematically analyzed.

The analysis shows that a horizontal product line extension strategy that offers the customized product can be used as an alternative to a vertical product line extension strategy. If the fixed cost is not too high, offering the customized product with low quality may be preferred to the quality-based segmentation strategy. Furthermore, the analysis shows that the channel structure is influential as the preference for the horizontal product line extension strategy is more pronounced in the decentralized channel than in the centralized channel.

The analysis presented in this paper is limited by the consideration of full market coverage. Further research is needed to see how the results can be generalized to the case with partial market coverage.

The analysis suggests that a firm may consider product customization as part of its product line strategy. Information regarding market characteristics and channel structure is important when deciding on the optimal product line design.

The model reflects a more realistic marketing strategy and channel structure than previous studies that typically consider product line extension in only one direction and focus on the centralized distribution channel. Combining the standard product line extension and customization strategies also represents an important contribution to the literature. These extensions produce interesting new results and insights into a firm’s optimal product line design strategy.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the extent to which perceived extension innovativeness, extension quality, and consumer involvement affect reciprocal attitudes toward a newly launched vertical service line extension and the parent brand.

An empirical investigation using a survey methodology was conducted with a sample of 664 respondents representative of the target population. Three pre‐tests were conducted. Partial least squares structural equation modeling and analysis of variance helped test the complex paths of nominal, mediating, and moderating variables.

Extension innovativeness, extension quality, and consumer involvement positively mediate the relationship between the new extension and the parent brand. In addition, parent brand perceived innovativeness negatively moderates the impact of extension innovativeness on attitudes toward the parent brand. Perceived quality of the extension does not solely mediate a reciprocal attitude but is partially mediated by extension innovativeness.

Future studies should investigate different types of services and consumer goods to generalize the results. Other dimensions of involvement could also be tested.

This study provides key findings to managers who are responsible for launching newly‐created upscale service extensions. When evaluating a new vertical service line extension, consumers actively process the available information. Thus, marketers must be careful to communicate the quality and the innovativeness of a new service because both factors can dynamically influence reciprocal attitudes toward the parent brand.

This article brings new insights as well as closing an important theoretical gap in the literature regarding the complex dynamic effects of perceived innovativeness, quality, and involvement in a context of a vertical service line extension during launch as it reciprocally impacts attitude toward the parent brand.

Aim of the present monograph is the economic analysis of the role of MNEs regarding globalisation and digital economy and in parallel there is a reference and examination of some legal aspects concerning MNEs, cyberspace and e‐commerce as the means of expression of the digital economy. The whole effort of the author is focused on the examination of various aspects of MNEs and their impact upon globalisation and vice versa and how and if we are moving towards a global digital economy.

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the thermal and fluid dynamic behaviors of natural convection in a vertical channel‐chimney system heated symmetrically at uniform heat flux in order to detect the different fluid motion structures inside the chimney, such as the cold inflow from the outlet section of the chimney and the reattachment due to the hot jet from the channel, for different extension and expansion ratios of the adiabatic extensions.

The model is constituted by two‐dimensional steady‐state fully elliptic conservation equations which are solved numerically in a composite three‐part computational domain by means of the finite‐volume method.

Stream function and temperature fields in the system are presented in order to detect the different fluid motion structures inside the chimney, for different extension and expansion ratios of the adiabatic extensions. The analysis allows to evaluate the effect of the channel aspect ratio on the thermal and fluid dynamic behaviors on a channel‐chimney system and thermal and geometrical conditions corresponding to a complete downflow. Guidelines to estimate critical conditions related to the beginning of flow separation and complete downflow are given in terms of order of magnitude of Rayleigh and Froude numbers.

The hypotheses on which the present analysis is based are: two‐dimensional, laminar and steady‐state flow, constant thermophysical properties with the Boussinesq approximation. The investigation is carried out in the following ranges: from 100 to 100,000 for the Rayleigh number, from 5.0 to 20 for the aspect ratio, from 1.0 to 4.0 for the expansion ratio and from 1.5 to 4 for the extension ratio.

Thermal design of heating systems in different technical fields, such as in electronic cooling and in building ventilation and houses solar components, evaluation of heat convective coefficients and guidelines to estimate critical conditions related to the beginning of flow separation and complete downflow.

The paper is useful to thermal designers because of its evaluation of the thermal and velocity fields, correlation for the Nusselt number and guidelines criteria in terms of Rayleigh and Froude numbers to evaluate conditions of flow separation and complete downflow in natural convection in air for vertical channels‐chimney systems.

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the potential value of significant vertical phasing – that is, the addition of five or more stories to an existing building – as a valuable real option in real estate development, in particular for corporate real estate strategy.

The demonstration is done through in‐depth case studies of four major projects in North America: the 24 story, 880,000 square feet expansion of the Health Care Service Corporation building in Chicago; the Court Square Citicorp Campus in New York City; the Bentall Five project in Vancouver; and the Tufts University School of Dental Medicine building in Boston.

Vertical expansion appears to have significant organizational and logistical advantages for corporate developers, such as the ability to keep staff in one building, and the elimination of the need to relocate with its resulting inconvenience and potential to lose employees. Further, the financial analysis indicates that the option to expand vertically is a reasonable way for corporate developers to access convenient expansion space, while limiting their downside risk. Commercial developers on the other hand may find that the ability to scale back designs in the case of market downturns is particularly valuable. The case studies also confirm by example that the vertical expansion of buildings is technically possible. Although the process of erecting a major new building on top of a fully occupied building is clearly complex, it is not extraordinary difficult so long as the possibility of vertical expansion is built into the original design.

Vertical expansion of buildings has not been appreciated as an attractive feasible option for flexible development of real estate in a risky environment. These case studies and analysis bring this possibility to the attention of the real estate industry and corporate real estate managers.