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Article
Publication date: 3 October 2016

Universities, war and the professionalization of dentistry

Tamson Pietsch

The purpose of this paper is to bring together the history of war, the universities and the professions. It examines the case of dentistry in New South Wales, detailing…

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Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to bring together the history of war, the universities and the professions. It examines the case of dentistry in New South Wales, detailing its divided pre-war politics, the role of the university, the formation and work of the Dental Corps during the First World War, and the process of professionalization in the 1920s.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper draws on documentary and archival sources including those of the University of Sydney, contemporary newspapers, annual reports and publication of various dental associations, and on secondary sources.

Findings

The paper argues that both the war and the university were central to the professionalization of dentistry in New South Wales. The war transformed the expertise of dentists, shifted their social status and cemented their relationship with the university.

Originality/value

This study is the first to examine dentistry in the context of the histories of war, universities and professionalization. It highlights the need to re-evaluate the changing place of the professions in interwar Australia in the light both of the First World War and of the university’s involvement in it.

Details

History of Education Review, vol. 45 no. 2
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/HER-09-2015-0016
ISSN: 0819-8691

Keywords

  • Australia
  • Universities
  • War
  • Professionalization
  • Dentistry
  • Interwar

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Article
Publication date: 3 October 2016

Australian universities and the commemoration of the First World War

Kate Darian-Smith and James Waghorne

The purpose of this paper is to examine how Australian universities commemorated the First World War, with a focus on the University of Melbourne as an institution with a…

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Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine how Australian universities commemorated the First World War, with a focus on the University of Melbourne as an institution with a particularly rich history of wartime participation and of diverse forms of memorialisation.

Design/methodology/approach

A case study approach is taken, with an overview of the range of war memorials at the University of Melbourne. These include memorials which acknowledged the wartime role of individuals or groups associated with the University, and took the form of architectural features, and named scholarships or academic positions. Three cross-campus war memorials are examined in depth.

Findings

This paper demonstrates that there was a range of war memorials at Australian universities, indicating the range of views about the First World War, and its legacies, within university communities of students, graduates and staff.

Originality/value

University war commemoration in Australia has not been well documented. This study examines the way in which the particular character of the community at the University of Melbourne was to influence the forms of First World War commemoration.

Details

History of Education Review, vol. 45 no. 2
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/HER-09-2015-0022
ISSN: 0819-8691

Keywords

  • Commemoration
  • Universities and war
  • University history
  • University of Melbourne
  • War memorials
  • First World War-universities

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Article
Publication date: 3 October 2016

Universities, expertise and the First World War

Julia Horne and Tamson Pietsch

The purpose of this paper is to: introduce the topic of the relationship between universities and the First World War historiographically; put university expertise and…

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Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to: introduce the topic of the relationship between universities and the First World War historiographically; put university expertise and knowledge at the centre of studies of the First World War; and explain how an examination of university expertise and war reveals a continuity of intellectual and scientific activity from war to peace.

Design/methodology/approach

Placing the papers in the special issue of HER on universities and war in the context of a broader historiography of the First World War and its aftermath.

Findings

The interconnections between university expertise and the First World War is a neglected field, yet its examination enriches the current historiography and prompts us to see the war not simply in terms of guns and battles but also how the battlefield extended university expertise with long-lasting implications into the 1920s and 1930s.

Originality/value

The paper explores how universities and their expertise – e.g. medical, artistic, philosophical – were mobilised in the First World War and the following peace.

Details

History of Education Review, vol. 45 no. 2
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/HER-04-2016-0019
ISSN: 0819-8691

Keywords

  • Expertise and knowledge in the First World War
  • Universities and the First World War
  • University expertise, The First World War and peace
  • First World War historiography

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Article
Publication date: 24 June 2010

Cold War, the universities and public education: The contexts of J. B. Conant’s mission to Australia and New Zealand, 1951

Craig Campbell

The tensions of the Cold War focussed attention on the role that universities might play through their science and technology expertise and research. At the same time the…

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Abstract

The tensions of the Cold War focussed attention on the role that universities might play through their science and technology expertise and research. At the same time the United States needed to secure its allies as the threat of a new European war, and the actuality of the Korean War, developed in the late 1940s and 1950s. These pressures contributed to the Carnegie Corporation’s assessment that the time was ripe to send a ‘key man’ to Australia and New Zealand.

Details

History of Education Review, vol. 39 no. 1
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/08198691201000002
ISSN: 0819-8691

Keywords

  • Cold War
  • Universitites
  • Public education
  • Australia
  • New Zealand
  • Education

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Article
Publication date: 3 October 2016

Nationalism, the First World War, and sites of international memory

Glenda Sluga

The purpose of this paper is to restore the history of internationalism to our understanding of the legacy of the First World War, and the role of universities in that…

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Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to restore the history of internationalism to our understanding of the legacy of the First World War, and the role of universities in that past. It begins by emphasising the war’s twin legacy, namely, the twin principles of the peace: national self-determination and the League of Nations.

Design/methodology/approach

It focuses on the intersecting significance and meaning attributed to the related terms patriotism and humanity, nationalism and internationalism, during the war and after. A key focus is the memorialization of Edith Cavell, and the role of men and women in supporting a League of Nations.

Findings

The author finds that contrary to conventional historical opinion, internationalism was as significant as nationalism during the war and after, thanks to the influence and ideas of men and women connected through university networks.

Research limitations/implications

The author’s argument is based on an examination of British imperial sources in particular.

Originality/value

The implications of this argument are that historians need to recover the international past in histories of nationalism.

Details

History of Education Review, vol. 45 no. 2
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/HER-09-2015-0018
ISSN: 0819-8691

Keywords

  • Networks
  • Universities
  • Psychology
  • Memory
  • Nationalism
  • Edith Cavell
  • Humanity
  • Internationalism
  • Patriotism

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Article
Publication date: 23 October 2020

Australian university and medical school life during the 1919 influenza pandemic

James Waghorne

This article examines the impact of the 1919 influenza pandemic on the life and culture of Australian universities, and the curious absence of sustained discussion about…

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Abstract

Purpose

This article examines the impact of the 1919 influenza pandemic on the life and culture of Australian universities, and the curious absence of sustained discussion about the crisis in university magazines. It considers two contexts, from the perspective of the general university population, and from the particular focus of medical students.

Design/methodology/approach

The primary source for this analysis is based on detailed reading of university magazines across three universities, as well as other primary and secondary literature. The article was written during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, which has limited access to some other magazines held in library collections, but the corpus of material is more than sufficient.

Findings

This article shows that the pandemic further deferred the resumption of university life after a hiatus during the First World War. The failure to identify the causal agent limited technical discussion in medical school magazines.

Originality/value

This is one of the first dedicated studies of the effect of the 1919 influenza pandemic on Australian universities. It joins a growing body of work considering the effect of the influenza on different community groups.

Details

History of Education Review, vol. 49 no. 2
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/HER-06-2020-0039
ISSN: 0819-8691

Keywords

  • Student experience
  • Influenza pandemic
  • Medical school
  • University history

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Article
Publication date: 6 June 2016

The role of universities in nation-building in 1950s Australia and Aotearoa/New Zealand

Catherine Manathunga

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the diverse rendering of the idea of nation and the role of universities in nation-building in the 1950s Murray and Hughes…

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Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the diverse rendering of the idea of nation and the role of universities in nation-building in the 1950s Murray and Hughes Parry Reports in Australia and Aotearoa/New Zealand. This paper provides trans-Tasman comparisons that reflect the different national and international interests, positioning of science and the humanities and desired academic and student subject positions and power relations.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper adopts a Foucauldian genealogical approach that is informed by Wodak’s (2011) historical discourse analysis in order to analyse the reports’ discursive constructions of the national role of universities, the positioning of science and humanities and the development of desired academics and student subjectivities and power relations.

Findings

The analysis reveals the different positioning of Australia and Aotearoa/New Zealand in relation to the Empire and the Cold War. It also demonstrates how Australian national interests were represented in these reports as largely economic and defence related, while Aotearoa/New Zealand national interests were about economic, social and cultural nation-building. These differences were also matched by diverse weightings attached to university science and the humanities education. There is also a hailing of traditional, enlightenment-inspired discourses about desired academic and student subjectivities and power relations in Australia that contrasts with the emergence of early traces of more contemporary discourses about equity and diversity in universities in Aotearoa/New Zealand.

Originality/value

The paper demonstrates the value of transnational analysis in contributing to historiography about university education. The Foucauldian discourse analysis approach extends existing Australian historiography about universities during this period and represents a key contribution to Aotearoa/New Zealand historiography that has explored academic and student subjectivities to a lesser extent.

Details

History of Education Review, vol. 45 no. 1
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/HER-05-2014-0033
ISSN: 0819-8691

Keywords

  • Australia
  • Universities
  • Aotearoa/New Zealand
  • History of higher education
  • Hughes Parry Report
  • Murray Report

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Article
Publication date: 5 March 2018

Post-war tourism as an urban reconstruction strategy case study: Khorramshahr

Seyed Mehdi Mirisaee and Yahaya Ahmad

Tourism development has been perceived as a promoter of city restoration and can also affect the post-war city reconstruction. Questions on how to reconstruct ruined…

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Abstract

Purpose

Tourism development has been perceived as a promoter of city restoration and can also affect the post-war city reconstruction. Questions on how to reconstruct ruined buildings and urban areas through a post-war tourism-oriented approach based on the expectations of residents and tourists profound answers. The purpose of this paper is to adopt the sequential mixed method (qualitative and quantitative) with purposive sampling which is a non-probability method to investigate tourism-oriented approaches in the reconstruction of buildings and landmarks as the core components of urban tourism.

Design/methodology/approach

The study adopted the sequential mixed method (qualitative and quantitative) to investigate tourism-oriented approaches in the reconstruction of buildings and landmarks as the core components of urban tourism.

Findings

The findings of the study point that the preferred strategy for the reconstruction of damaged symbolic building is the preservation of the war effects in regard maintaining the buildings’ history to be considered by urban policy makers, urban designers, and authorities.

Research limitations/implications

The constraint was associated with the time-consuming nature of this type of research. Original documents of the research context and all the interview data were in the Persian language, making the translating process a time-consuming matter. Furthermore, data collection in the area located near the Iran-Iraq border (500 meters) presented a number of security caveats as limitations.

Originality/value

The research found a majority of tourists and the residents preferred tourism zone where the combination of post-war and natural attraction across riverside area. In other word, most considerable post-war attractions are those that combined with the appeal of the other tourism potentials like eco-leisure tourism. The preferred strategy for the reconstruction of damaged building reconstruction as post-war tourism attractions is the preservation of the war effects in regard maintaining the buildings history rather than reconstruction as the most likely to pre-war conditions with less attention paid to the war effects.

Details

International Journal of Tourism Cities, vol. 4 no. 1
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-07-2017-0039
ISSN: 2056-5607

Keywords

  • Khorramshahr reconstruction
  • Khorramshahr tourism
  • Post-war tourism
  • Urban reconstruction

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Article
Publication date: 18 April 2016

A LBV perspective on political risk management in a multinational bank during the First World War

Andrew Smith

This paper aims to apply the Legitimacy-Based View (LBV) of political risk to the experience of the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (HSBC) in the First World War…

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Abstract

Purpose

This paper aims to apply the Legitimacy-Based View (LBV) of political risk to the experience of the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (HSBC) in the First World War. The paper shows that HSBC’s ability to survive this conflict was due, in part, to its ability to manage political risk by maintaining legitimacy in the eyes of stakeholders in its home market(s), Hong Kong and the UK.

Design/methodology/approach

This case study is based on the surviving internal correspondence from this period in the HSBC Group archives in London and other primary sources.

Findings

This paper suggests that maintaining legitimacy in the home market is crucial to firm survival and profitability. Managers’ efforts to bolster firm legitimacy should ensure that individuals in all of the relevant government departments continue to regard the multinational enterprise (MNE) as legitimate.

Research limitations/implications

This paper shows that the LBV is a potentially powerful analytical tool, but it also argues that the LBV must be modified so as to incorporate insights from the theoretical literature on ethnic and national identities, particularly the insight that such identities are culturally constructed and malleable.

Practical implications

Warfare tends to increase the degree to which a MNE’s stakeholders feel emotional bonds to their respective nations. HSBC’s experience in the First World War suggests that continued profitability in wartime may depend on the firm’s ability to shed its peacetime “world citizen” identity in favour of one that is more closely aligned with that of its home nation. Preserving political capital in wartime may require the ruthless termination of relationships with clients and employees who are associated with the enemy nation. Another lesson that MNE managers can derive from this paper is that preserving legitimacy in the home country may require the head office to exert more control over overseas managers, than would be the case in peace. A MNE in wartime that is concerned about the loss of legitimacy in the home country should consider adopting an organizational architecture that temporarily reduces subsidiary autonomy.

Originality/value

Buckley (2009) called for the re-integration of business history in International Business research. This paper is part of the ongoing historic turn in International Business and other management disciplines. This paper also argues that International Business scholars need to consider the impact of past wars on contemporary multinationals as we may witness the re-emergence of Great Power rivalries similar to those that led to the First World War. This paper proceeds on the assumption the probabilities of a war between two major capitalist economies are non-trivial and that additional investigation of the impact of major interstate warfare on MNEs is therefore merited. Historical research can help us to think about what a war between capitalist countries would mean for today’s MNEs.

Details

Multinational Business Review, vol. 24 no. 1
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/MBR-09-2015-0045
ISSN: 1525-383X

Keywords

  • Legitimacy
  • Finance
  • Banking
  • Political risk
  • Hongkong and Shanghai banking corporation

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Article
Publication date: 27 May 2014

Cultures, Communities and Conflict: Histories of Canadian Universities and War

Hannah Forsyth

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Details

History of Education Review, vol. 43 no. 1
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/HER-02-2014-0011
ISSN: 0819-8691

Keywords

  • Canada
  • Higher education
  • Impact of War
  • Canadian universities
  • Student numbers

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