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The aim of this research is to investigate the consistency between the criterion validity and the unidimensional validity – case study in management research.

The investigation of construct validity and criterion validity by using confirmatory factor analysis is presented in this paper. Data were found from three dissertations of Doctoral Program of Management on Brawijaya University and Airlangga University. It consists of seven variables. The first data consist of three variables, i.e. X1, X2 and Y1; the second data consist of two variables, i.e. X2 and Y1; and the third data consist of two variables, i.e. X3 and Y1.

The measurement instrument of latent variables must be valid. There are many methods of construct validity, i.e. unidimensional validity and criterion validity. The criterion validity is less sensitive than unidimensional validity, that is, it is more simple and easy for application.

The research is limited to only analyzing criterion validity and unidimensional validity.

The unidimensional validity is more sensitive than criterion validity, that is, it is more complex and difficult for application. But if structural equation modeling (SEM) is used to analyze data, the unidimensional validity test must be used; this causes SEM to have constraint, i.e. factor indeterminacy.

Majority in Dissertation of Doctoral Program (Brawijaya University and Airlangga University) using criterion validity to investigate the instrument validity, without investigating the unidimensional validity, is included in this paper.

To investigate the instrument validity, no studies have focused on the selection of instrument validity, particularly in the field of management.

The purpose of this paper is to understand how information technology (IT) is used to enhance supply chain performance.

A large‐scale survey and semi‐structured interviews were used to collect industry data.

Two distinct dimensions to information sharing – connectivity and willingness – are identified and analyzed. Both dimensions are found to impact operational performance and to be critical to the development of a real information sharing capability. However, many companies are found to have placed most of their emphasis on connectivity, often overlooking the willingness construct. As a result, information sharing seldom delivers on its promise to enable the creation of the cohesive supply chain team.

Despite the extensive data collection, the research represents a snapshot of practice. Replication from a longitudinal perspective would help define how IT is evolving to enable supply chain management.

A roadmap is presented to help guide IT development and investment decisions.

The research presents a two‐by‐two matrix to help managers and academics understand the related nature of connectivity and willingness. A roadmap is presented to help guide IT development and investment decisions.

This paper aims to identify scale purification criteria for both uni- and multidimensional reflective scales and apply these criteria to an evaluation of the methodological status quo of the hospitality literature.

Based on a literature review, the authors develop a taxonomy of statistical and judgmental criteria across scale levels, from which best practices are derived. Recent publications in leading hospitality journals are then evaluated based on these scale purification steps.

The authors uncover a lack of transparency when reporting scale purification practices. Moreover, methodological steps are often entirely omitted or insufficiently followed, especially when it comes to judgmental scale purification practices.

The authors focus on reflective scales in the hospitality discipline. Methodological traditions in other fields might lead to different results if the chosen approach was to be repeated there.

The authors provide a set of suggestions that will help researchers in hospitality and adjacent disciplines to greater consensus and consistency of application regarding the methodological steps when carrying out scale purification in reflective scales.

Application of scale purification in hospitality research has been scarce. The authors extend existing research and provide the most comprehensive study so far of present and best scale purification practices, using both statistical and judgmental criteria.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the influence of Islamic spirituality toward organizational citizenship behavior from Islamic perspective (OCBIP), influence Islamic spirituality toward OCBIP in which spirituality at work and organizational commitment become mediators and influence of OCBIP toward working performance.

The study was categorized as an explanatory research. The setting of the study was the branch office of BRI Syariah in Malang. The population was employees of the branch office. The samples were 217 employees of BRI Syariah Malang. With an estimated population of 193 individuals and a 5 per cent confidence level, the total samples were 150 employees, including the supervisors. The sampling technique was proportional random sampling, in which all members of the population have an equal chance to become a sample based on proportion per section (Sekaran, 2003). The data were primary data obtained through questionnaires. The questionnaire consisted of question items on Islamic spirituality, workplace spirituality, organizational commitment and OCBIP. The data analysis technique was partial least squares (PLS).

Islamic spirituality is not directly influencing toward OCBIP, spirituality at work and organizational commitment as moderation variables in the influence of Islamic spirituality toward OCB IP, OCBIP had influence toward working performance. Higher OCBIP would result in better working performance accepted, and at the opposite, lower OCBIP would result in poorer working performance.

There are some limitations of previous studies that examine spirituality relationships with OCB. Nasrudin et al. (2013) and Kazemipour et al. (2012) found significant correlations between spirituality with OCB, but there is an inconsistency of research findings to suggest that spirituality has no direct effect on OCB, but through individual perceptions of organization. As the study of spirituality with OCB is still limited, this study attempts to explain OCB from an Islamic perspective, to propose a framework on Islamic spirituality, spirituality at work as an individual source of OCB and moderation of organizational commitment using Djafri and Noordin’s (2017) and previous empirical studies, with an aim to integrate the spirituality and OCB in a model that can be used to better understand OCB. It is hoped that this model development will reduce the scarcity of literature on spirituality with OCB through organizational commitment. This will help the organization to understand the role of spirituality and organizational commitment to improve OCB of employees that ultimately will improve organizational performance.

Purpose – This chapter (a) summarizes leader–member exchange (LMX) measurement practices since the influential reviews by Schriesheim, Castro, and Cogliser (1999) and Gerstner and Day (1997), (b) clarifies the status of LMX as a broad construct from a hierarchical factor model, (c) conducts multitrait-multimethod (MTMM) analyses on leader and follower reports of multidimensional LMX, and (d) investigates discriminant validity between Member LMX and satisfaction with supervisor.

Methodology/Approach – We used (a) a literature search of LMX measurement practices, (b) a combination of meta-analysis and factor analysis to specify the broad LMX construct underlying Liden and Maslyn's (1998) (LMX-MDM) multidimensional instrument, (c) MTMM analyses of leader and member ratings of the LMX-MDM, and (d) a combination of meta-analysis and multiple regression to assess incremental validity of Member LMX beyond satisfaction with supervisor.

Findings – Since 1999, 85% of LMX studies now use one of two dominant LMX scales (LMX-7, Scandura, & Graen, 1984; LMX-MDM, Liden & Maslyn, 1998). These two measures are correlated (rcorrected=.9), suggesting the LMX-7 and the LMX-MDM are alternate forms of the same instrument. 94% of studies that used these two measures treat LMX as a single, broad construct rather than as a multidimensional set of constructs. MTMM analyses suggest Leader LMX and Member LMX are two, separate-but-related constructs (i.e., confirming two source factors and no lower-order trait factors). Last, Member LMX meta-analytically correlates with satisfaction with supervisor at rcorrected=.8. There is some incremental validity of LMX, but the pattern is inconsistent across samples.

Social Implications – We point out that LMX researchers have now moved toward standard measurement of LMX – as a broad, higher-order factor that varies between leader and follower. By doing so, we reveal that the stage is set for cumulative and replicable research on leadership as a dyadic, follower-specific phenomenon.

Originality/Value of Paper – Our chapter is the first to reveal consensus in LMX measurement across studies; to summarize the standard treatment of LMX as a single, broad factor; and to apply MTMM analyses to demonstrate separate Leader LMX and Member LMX source factors.

This paper aims to argue that the traditional belief that “consumer ethnocentrism is a phenomenon of the developed countries only” is no longer true. To establish this argument, our study assesses the applicability of the Consumer Ethnocentric Tendencies Scale (CETSCALE) in Bangladesh by judging the unidimensionality feature of the same.

The methodology is based on sample of 788 respondents collected from 27 border and non-border districts of Bangladesh.

Statistically significant results show that for the consumers of border and non-border districts, the original CETSCALE is, to a great extent, applicable as those groups have shown positive attitudes in retaining 12-14 items out of the 17 items of the original scale. However, the groups and the respondents as a whole did not agree with the unidimensionality feature of the CETSCALE.

The results of the study show that Bangladeshi consumers prefer to see “Made in Bangladesh” tags when buying consumer products – a significant potential threat that the multinational companies need to address while planning to expand business in Bangladesh.

This type of rigorous study on Bangladesh has never been done before. Moreover, the study identifies the difference in ethnocentric behavior of the consumers living in border and non-border areas – a study of ethnocentrism from a different point of view.

Commitment to change is vital for the success of any organizational change initiative. However, despite a sustained increase in research interest on employees’ commitment to change, there is still no consistency about the unidimensional or multi-dimensional construct of commitment to change, and previous research tends to ignore the impact vocational drivers may have on it. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Drawing on prospect theory, the authors extended Herscovitch and Meyer’s (2002) commitment to change construct by developing and testing an additional dimension of commitment to change centered on employees’ vocational commitment across two studies, adopting a longitudinal design within a Chinese context. As organizational change often has implications that impacts individual decision making, vocational development and work adjustments and attitudes within the workplace, the authors presented the case for vocational commitment to change as an important extension to the commitment to change literature. The authors first provided evidence for the internal consistency, factor structure and the validity of the commitment to change in the Chinese context. Subsequently, the authors examined the changes of employees’ commitment to change across time, and demonstrated its predictive validity by exploring the relationship between commitment to change and change-related behaviors.

The current research represents improvements in commitment to change measurement, provides construct clarification in the Asia context, and sheds light on theoretical and empirical evidence for how to support change in the Chinese context. Limitations, implications and directions for future research are further discussed.

The current study responds to a call for research to further investigate the mechanisms of commitment to change within non-Western contexts, specifically within the Chinese context. Through a rigorous scale development process, the authors clarified Herscovitch and Meyer’s (2002) commitment to change model and present an augmented model with a fourth dimension –vocational commitment to change. Furthermore, through a longitudinal study, the current study also demonstrates that the cultivation of commitment to change has great importance to improving employees’ change-supportive behavior and reducing their resistance to change. This is consistent with cross-cultural research, which shows that Chinese individuals are more likely to possess inconsistent attitudes toward an object, including themselves, compared to Western individuals (Spencer-Rodgers et al., 2004). The study also explained the change of commitment to change over time, showing the significant relationships among the commitment to change and change-related behaviors.

The purpose of this paper is to test and compare different conceptual approaches for perceived value in a service context.

Perceived value is an outcome construct that results from various benefits received and sacrifices devoted to achieve a particular exchange of a service. The paper compares three different modeling approaches (Type 1, Type 2, and Type 4) for perceived value using data from an in‐flight survey. The questionnaire covered topics such as perceived service quality and overall satisfaction, price perception, customer value, and customer retention.

The theoretical discussion repeatedly emphasizes that only the formative modeling of perceived value fits the arguments put forward in the existing literature. This study replicates and extends a study by Lin et al. in the airline service context. The paper reports details about the impact of the proposed seven “get” and “give” components, together with an analysis of the consequences perceived value has on satisfaction, loyalty, and word‐of‐mouth.

The findings suggest extensions and improvements concerning measurement and conceptual issues.

Perceived value shows a substantial effect on behavioral consequences. Service operations must observe the perception of atmospherics emerging from the main service encounters next to considering functional aspects.

Misconceptualizations of multi‐item constructs are well known. However, critical discussions and empirical tests are still scarce in the tourism field. This paper tests and compares different conceptual approaches for perceived value in a service context.

The purpose of this paper is to conduct a research to analyze and to explain the influence of information technology strategy (ITS) and management support (MS) on internal business processes (IBPs), competitive advantage (CA) and financial performance (FP) and non-financial performance (NFP) of a company.

This study uses a quantitative approach and is included in an explanatory research. This study belongs to the category of perceptive research, and the unit of analysis is an individual (Singarimbun and dan Effendi, 1989). The study population is Carrefour executives/managers. The unit of analysis in this study is an individual who is a Carrefour manager and who becomes the sample. This study is conducted throughout the Carrefour chains in Indonesia. Method of data analysis uses descriptive analysis and inferential statistic, using partial least square.

This study found that ITS has no significant effect on FP, but it has a significant effect on NFP. It also found that MS has a significant effect on IBP CA and FP and NFP. This study found that IBPs have no significant effect on FP but have a significant effect on NFP and CA. CA has no significant effect on FP, but it has a significant effect on NFP. Further, NFP has a significant effect on FP.

This research is important to understand comprehensively the relationship between information technology and IBPs, CA and company performance. The difference between this study and previous studies is that this study examines the relationship between MS and IBP to CA, NFP and corporate FP.

The education services sector faces ever-changing global market dynamics with creative disruptions. Building knowledge brands can push the higher education sector beyond its geographical boundaries into the global arena. This study aims to identify key constructs, their theoretical background and dimensions that aid in building a global knowledge brand. The authors' research focuses on adapting and validating scales for global knowledge and education services brands from well-established academic literature.

The authors have adopted a mixed methodology approach and a systematic literature review. Authors interviewed 18 subject matter experts as part of content and face validity to arrive at select constructs, dimensions and items. Quantitative methods with random sampling were adopted as the primary methodology. Initially, the survey was administered to 390 students to test preliminary results. The survey was also administered to 5,112 students at a later part of this study. Valid responses stood at 3,244 with a 63% response rate. Further, the authors conducted confirmatory factor analysis, exploratory factor analysis and structural equation modeling to test the reliability and validity of scales. This study analyzed composite reliability, convergent validity and discriminant validity to finalize items for scales. The authors also validated the hypotheses based on the discriminant validity assessment scores.

Authors' key research findings are that academic stimulus, campus infrastructure and student intent play a significant role in campus culture and events design and experience at campus. Authors were able to bring out 16 key constructs and 55 critical dimensions vital to global education services brand building. This study also adapted and validated 99 items that meet construct validity and composite reliability criteria. This study also highlights that constructs such as student intent, academic stimulus, campus infrastructure scalability, selection mechanism, pedagogical content knowledge, brand identity, events experience and campus culture play a vital role in global brand recognition.

The authors' work is fairly generalizable to education services and the higher education sector. However, this study must be extrapolated and empirically validated in other industry sectors. The research implications of this study are that it aided the authors in building theoretical background for student brand loyalty theory, student expectation theory and study loyalty theory. This study adds to the body of knowledge by contributing to theoretical concepts on students, knowledge culture, events, infrastructure and branding. Researchers can adopt the scales proposed in this study to build research models in higher education branding. This study acts as a catalyst for building theories in education services areas. Researchers can delve deep into proposed research aspects of campus infrastructure, knowledge infrastructure, campus knowledge culture, events design and events experience.

This study aids educators and brand managers to develop global education services and optimize their effort and budget. Administrators in the education services sector must focus on practical aspects of student perception, campus infrastructure, culture and events experience. Practically administrators can reorient their efforts based on this study to achieve global brand recognition.

This study highlights that students are not customers but are co-creators of value in the education sector. This study provides scales and dimensions needed to build co-creation frameworks and models.

Most research in higher education branding has not covered wider aspects of global brand building. Existing theories proposed in higher education and education services articles cover only narrower aspects of campus infrastructure, culture, events design and branding. This study presents a comprehensive list of critical factors that play a vital role in global knowledge brand building. This study highlights the constructs and scales integral to building a global education services brand.