Search results

US money and capital markets have changed dramatically over the past 25 years. Despite the change and uncertainty, lending activities of branches and agencies continued to expand in US markets through the early 1990s. The focus of lending by agencies and branches of foreign banks has been altered to accommodate their overall growth. The largest relative gain in loan activities of foreign banks has been in real estate and business loans. In addition, loans to other financial institutions have declined in relative terms. The change in lending activities is consistent with what has been termed a commercial‐industrial strategy, one of several unique marketing strategies that have been employed by major US banks.

This guide is compiled in order that banks may see the extent of the overall problem of fraud and money laundering in documentary credit transactions. It also contains advice on how banks and bankers may protect themselves and their staff from the consequences of fraudulent attacks against the system.

The equation of unified knowledge says that S = f (A,P) which means that the practical solution to a given problem is a function of the existing, empirical, actual realities and the future, potential, best possible conditions of general stable equilibrium which both pure and practical reason, exhaustive in the Kantian sense, show as being within the realm of potential realities beyond any doubt. The first classical revolution in economic thinking, included in factor “P” of the equation, conceived the economic and financial problems in terms of a model of ideal conditions of stable equilibrium but neglected the full consideration of the existing, actual conditions. That is the main reason why, in the end, it failed. The second modern revolution, included in factor “A” of the equation, conceived the economic and financial problems in terms of the existing, actual conditions, usually in disequilibrium or unstable equilibrium (in case of stagnation) and neglected the sense of right direction expressed in factor “P” or the realization of general, stable equilibrium. That is the main reason why the modern revolution failed in the past and is failing in front of our eyes in the present. The equation of unified knowledge, perceived as a sui generis synthesis between classical and modern thinking has been applied rigorously and systematically in writing the enclosed American‐British economic, monetary, financial and social stabilization plans. In the final analysis, a new economic philosophy, based on a synthesis between classical and modern thinking, called here the new economics of unified knowledge, is applied to solve the malaise of the twentieth century which resulted from a confusion between thinking in terms of stable equilibrium on the one hand and disequilibrium or unstable equilibrium on the other.

This chapter examines the impact of price fluctuations in foreign stock markets on the stock prices of domestic banks in Korea, Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand. Some studies have argued that the 2007–2009 global financial crisis (GFC) affected domestic banks less in East Asia, even though the supporting evidence is rather limited. Employing a multinomial logit model, we estimate how changes in the United States and Japanese stock markets affected the banking sectors in the sampled countries before the 1997 Asian financial crisis, and before and during the more recent GFC. We interpret the number of banks in a given country that experienced a large price shock on the same day (or “coexceedance”) as shocks to the domestic banking sector. The results suggest that fluctuations in foreign stock market indices exerted a larger impact on the prices of East Asian banking stocks during the 2000s than during the 1990s. In addition, although the shocks brought about by the deterioration of foreign stock markets were significant before the GFC, both increases and decreases in foreign stock prices significantly affected the banking sectors of the respective countries during the crisis. Lastly, we conclude that increasing foreign capital flows and foreign assets and liabilities greatly influenced domestic banking systems in East Asia during the 2000s.

The ability of foreign banks to market their services by establishing a physical presence in US markets to a great extent depends upon US legislative enactments, regulatory actions, and judicial interpretations, all of which have been subject to significant change since the late 1980s. Examines recent changes in the US regulatory structure that will have an impact on the operations and marketing strategy of agencies, branches and subsidiaries of foreign banks in US markets. The major focus is on PL 102‐242 which was signed into law in December 1991, regulatory changes designed to implement G‐10 risk‐based capital adequacy guidelines, and other regulatory efforts to impose prudential bank management policies on the US financial services sector. In general, the thrust of the legislative‐regulatory changes will be to increase the sensitivity of banks to the risk associated with their activities. This, in turn, will require a modified marketing strategy to accommodate changes in profit opportunities and in bank customers.

This is the second part of a detailed annotated chronology of significant events in the history of money in the context of social, economic, political and technological developments from the dawn of civilization until the closing years of the twentieth century. Part 2 covers events from the start of the industrial revolution onwards. This period saw major changes in the relative importance of coinage, paper money and bank money, as well as the beginnings of electronic money. These changes, and the financial effects of the Napoleonic and World Wars, the rise and decline of the British Empire, the emergence of the United States and Japan, decolonisation and Third World debt, and moves towards a single currency in Europe, are all covered.

Documents US banks' expansion overseas and stresses that London has, internationally, been an important centre for them in their operations. States also that by early 1979 US banks were the largest bank group in the UK and that by the early 1970s US bank lending to UK manufacturing industry was almost half that of the London clearing banks. Proposes that among large corporate customers US and other foreign banks became preferred as second source banks, with the clearing banks still preferred as the first source. Highlights the vigour with which the US banks will continue to pursue the UK corporate sector – though this will be hard to judge. Says that clearing banks are not under immediate pressure from US/foreign banks but that the threat has galvanized them into attempting to rectify their market position. Concludes that the revival of US domestic loan demand has given the US banks an opportunity to reassess whether their original investment in London could now be reduced and the available funds more profitably employed in the US.

Olympia and York (O&Y), the world′s largest privately held real estate developer, filed for bankruptcy in Canada, the US and the UK in May 1992. The study of O&Y′s impact on banks′ financial performance is important because its financial difficulties affected the banking industry significantly. Unlike studies testing how major lenders′ problems affect other US banks′ stock prices, the study is novel in that it tests how a major borrower′s problems affect both US and foreign banks′ stock prices. Analyses the reactions of US and foreign bank stocks and of O&Y′s bonds to its crisis; the capital market′s response is strongly negative. O&Y′s distress was a major event that signalled the real estate recession and investors′ concerns over the banking sector′s substantial exposure to non‐performing real estate loans. Its creditors applied increasing pressure on its management to disclose more financial information, to renegotiate loans, and eventually, to file for bankruptcy.

Emphasizes that by February 1979 the 65 US banks with a presence in the UK, employing just under 9,000 people, were the largest group of banks in the UK in terms of deposit liabilities. Documents that in 30 years, the US bank's deposit base in London has grown by over 5,000 per cent in what has be traditionally regarded as one of the most conservative industries. Wonders how, while employing a fraction of the number that work for the clearing banks and from perhaps a single branch, certainly no more than a dozen. Sums up that this research sought to determine: what were the environmental (micro/macro) inputs to the corporate banking industry, which encouraged the use and growth of US banks in the UK?; what internal corporate criteria made US bank usage more likely?; what relation was there between US bank usage and external organisational factors?; and what were the means by which US banks attempted to increase the probability of their selection, and how effective were these means? Concludes that the research has revealed a number of interesting facts concerning the UK corporate banking market.

The purpose of this paper is to analyse the link between product-mix and bank performance with a comprehensive look at the contribution of each component of banking activities.

The generalized method of moments estimation approach the authors apply to the US and Canadian large data sets deals with the endogeneity issues related to banks’ decision to diversify in fee-based activities, and the authors also control the non-linearities (asymmetries) in the innovation with a complementary EGARCH procedure.

The results suggests that the increasing involvement of banks in fee generating activities has a greater positive impact on US bank performance. On the one hand, US banks are more involved in fees related to traditional lending activities and securitization, which contributes to their higher mean return. On the other hand, Canadian banks focus more on investment banking activities, which makes their financial results more procyclical and volatile. Greater profitability notwithstanding, the authors also found that US bank non-interest income activities incorporate more credit risk, a type of risk obviously less diversifiable when credit shocks occur.

The approach shows that the endogeneity problems related to the banks’ decision to diversify in non-traditional activities may be important. The multivariate GARCH approach the authors introduced strongly suggests that diversification gains fluctuate over the business cycle, and that the decision to diversify must be understood in a dynamic setting rather than in a static one.