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The purpose of this paper is to discuss the stock price adjustment after a dividend distribution, allowing for different types of investors and market imperfections, including taxes and transaction costs.

An arbitrage model is developed to determine the possible equilibria for the stock price adjustment, after a dividend distribution. The approach is theoretical, providing general results.

The model shows that, in the presence of different types of investors, a unique equilibrium only exists in the absence of transaction costs. The allowance for market imperfections, such as taxes and transactions costs, implies that there is not a unique equilibrium for the level of stock price adjustment following a dividend distribution event, but rather there is much possible equilibrium. It is showed that the observation of abnormal trading volume around the dividend event may give us some insights on the identification of which investors are present in the market.

On future studies of the stock price adjustment after dividend distributions, it should be taken into account that there is no unique equilibrium.

The main contribution of this paper is to show that the existence of taxes and transaction costs precludes the determination of a unique equilibrium point for the stock price adjustment after a dividend distribution.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether there is any difference across individual investors, domestic and foreign institutional investors in trading volume responses to analyst reports. The authors also examine the determinants of trading volume responses using firm as well as forecast characteristics.

The authors use trading data from the Korean equity market. The authors divide investors into three classes of investors; namely, individual investors, domestic institutional investors, and foreign institutional investors. The authors then examine whether the trading responses to analyst reports vary across investor types, and how firm characteristics and characteristics of analyst reports influence the trading activities on the release dates across investor types.

Individual investors are the most responsive investor group, being responsive to analyst reports on small, neglected firms with large inside ownership as well as to analyst reports with optimistic forecasts. Domestic institutional investors are responsive to reports on neglected firms with high return volatility while foreign institutional investors show least responses.

There are few studies that investigate whether the trading responses to analyst reports vary across investor types and how firm characteristics and characteristics of analyst reports influence the trading activities on the release dates across investor types. Taking advantage of the trading volume data for the three main investor types in the Korean stock market, the authors study the trading volume responses for each investor type and make comparisons across investor types.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate how stock characteristics influence investor trading behavior and psychological pitfalls.

This study employs the methods of Solt and Statman (1989) and Kumar (2009) to examine investor trading activities.

Good companies do not usually have good stocks, while lottery-type stocks show better price performance than other stocks. Due to the representativeness and affect heuristics, the stocks of good companies are frequently transacted, while the low-priced stocks are infrequently transacted. Moreover, investors may display the gambler’s fallacy in the trade of stocks of good companies and the overconfidence and self-attribution bias in the trade of lottery-type stocks.

Investors trading lottery-type stocks demonstrate greater maturity than those that trade stocks of good companies; however, psychological pitfalls still dominate investor trading behavior.

The representativeness heuristic of “stocks of good companies are good stocks” results in the inclusion of stocks of good companies in a portfolio and poorer price performance, whereas the inclusion of lottery-type stocks in a portfolio brings higher returns within a short period of time.

Compared to earlier studies that focussed on the price performance of stocks of good companies and investor trading behavior in relation to lottery-type stocks, this study aims to investigate the influence of stock characteristics on price performance, trading activities, and psychological pitfalls.

Past work has shown that failure tolerance by principals has the potential to stimulate innovation, but has not examined how this affects which projects principals will start. We demonstrate that failure tolerance has an equilibrium price – in terms of an investor’s required share of equity – that increases in the level of radical innovation. Financiers with investment strategies that tolerate early failure will endogenously choose to fund less radical innovations, while the most radical innovations (for whom the price of failure tolerance is too high) can only be started by investors who are not failure tolerant. Since policies to stimulate innovation must often be set before specific investments in innovative projects are made, this creates a trade-off between a policy that encourages experimentation ex post and the one that funds experimental projects ex ante. In equilibrium, it is possible that all competing financiers choose to offer failure tolerant contracts to attract entrepreneurs, leaving no capital to fund the most radical, experimental projects in the economy. The impact of different innovation policies can help to explain who finances radical innovations, and when and where radical innovation occurs.

Political risk is a complex phenomenon. This complexity has incentivized scholars to take a piecemeal approach to understanding it. Nearly all scholarship has targeted a single type of political risk (expropriation) and, within this risk, a single type of firm (MNCs) and a single type of strategic mechanism through which that risk may be mitigated (entry mode). Yet “political risk” is actually a collection of multiple distinct risks that affect the full spectrum of foreign firms, and these firms vary widely in their capabilities for resisting and evading these risks. We offer a unified theoretical model that can simultaneously analyze: the three main types of political risk (war, expropriation, and transfer restrictions); the universe of private foreign investors (direct investors, portfolio equity investors, portfolio debt investors, and commercial banks); heterogeneity in government constraints; and the three most relevant strategic capabilities (information, exit, and resistance). We leverage the variance among foreign investors to identify effective firm strategies to manage political risk. By employing a simultaneous and unified model of political risk, we also find counterintuitive insights on the way governments trade off between risks and how investors use other investors as risk shields.

This paper examines the effect of institutional investors on the trading volume reaction to management forecasts of annual earnings. Based on a sample of forecasting firms between 1990 and 1992, institutional investors are examined as heterogeneous types, rather than as a single group as done in prior research. The findings contribute to the growing literature on institutional investor types in two ways: (1) institutional categories differ in their trading patterns, and (2) if the categories are classified into active and inactive types, then greater trading by active institution‐types signals greater investor‐level information asymmetries and greater trading by inactive institution‐types signals lower investor‐level information asymmetries. Overall, the results suggest that increased firm voluntary disclosures, as encouraged by the SEC and the AICPA, may be differentially informative to different types of investors.

This research aims to investigate how personality, identified through the psychological type, can contribute to a more robust process of identifying the investor's profile. The traditional process of investor profile analysis of Brazilian financial institutions is performed through a form in which basic information is required to define the profile. By adding psychological and behavioral aspects obtained through the Myers–Briggs type indicator (MBTI) typology, institutions participating in the financial and capital markets could enrich the understanding of their clients.

It presents a quantitative approach, with an exploratory-descriptive focus, with a survey carried out on a sample of 613 investors, in which nonparametric tests were performed to test hypotheses on the influence of personality on the behavioral aspects of these investors.

The results showed a relationship between the dimensions of the personality type and the investment profile, indicating that personality is a relevant factor in guiding investor behavior. In this context, evidence of the applicability of the principles of behavioral finance to investor behavior was found, to the detriment of traditional finance principles.

Findings help investors to plan and manage their finances more appropriate manner. Financial institutions can create more accurate and realistic investor profile analysis processes, adding psychological and behavioral aspects obtained through the MBTI typology. In this way, companies and financial advisors will be able to provide a better-quality service to their clients, recommending the most appropriate investment strategies.

The elements originality of this study are as follows: (1) methodology: there is a lack of research covering the application of personality assessment tools, particularly the MBTI, to improve investor's profile analysis; (2) geographical coverage: lack of research of the theme in Brazil and Latin America in general; (3) robustness of the database.

This study aims to investigate the interconnectedness across the risk appetite of distinct investor types in Borsa Istanbul. This study also examines the causal impact of global implied volatility indices on the risk appetite of these investor groups.

The authors use a novel time-varying frequency connectedness framework of Chatziantoniou et al. and a new time-varying Granger causality test with a recursive evolving procedure by Shi et al. over June 2008 and July 2022.

The results show a high level of interconnectedness across the risk appetite of different investor types. The sizable spillovers to domestic types of investors either occur from professional or foreign investors, indicating the long-term dominant effect of foreign and more qualified investors on the domestic investors in Borsa Istanbul. The authors provide significant evidence of causality from the global implied volatility to the Borsa Istanbul risk appetite indices, which are getting stronger after the COVID-19 outbreak.

Unlike the previous studies, the authors analyze the risk appetite sub-indices of various types of investors to reveal behavioral distinctions and interconnectedness across them. The authors use a novel econometric framework to assess investors’ risk appetite in different investment horizons in a time-varying system. Together with volatility index (VIX), the authors also use volatilities of oil (OVX), gold (GVZ) and currency (EVZ), considering the information transmission not only from stock markets but also energy, metals and currency markets. The present data set covers significant financial crises, socioeconomic events and the COVID-19 outbreak.

Conventional study on the trading pattern of investors is either done in the viewpoint of the identity of investors or analyzed on the base of investor's type, which is categorized according to the number of transactions using only restricted security company data. Dataset in this paper is extended to all ELW series and investor's type such as the LP (Liquidity Provider). High-frequency traders are categorized on the base of average number of transactions per day and average trading volume per day. We analyze their trading pattern and relationship between P/L (profit and loss) and their trading pattern. Also We develop a new measurement tool, called the holding period, to comprehend the characteristic of high frequency trading and analyze the effect of holding period on P/L of investors.

Our empirical investigation shows that, for general investors, 1) their counterparties are LP during the execution of buy low and sell high trading strategy, 2) they lose in the cumulative P/L for the intermediate transaction although their average sell price is more expensive than average buy price, 3) due to the lack of risk management technique such as stop loss, they lose in the cumulative intermediate transaction P/L although their winning ratio is higher than losing ratio. On the other hand, 1) scalpers are mainly engaged in trading index ELW market, 2) due to the appropriate execution of stop loss, they win in the cumulative P/L for the intermediate transaction although their draw ratio and trading unit price are high. Meanwhile, due to the LP's passive characteristic for the buying execution after selling, their draw ratio is very low and their buy unit price is higher than sell unit price in comparison to other investor type, and their trading pattern is negatively related to that of the other investor type. Finally we confirm that the holding period is a significant impact on P/L of general investors and scalper.

As a policy proposal, it is necessary to introduce a market maker system in the individual stock options market for activating the stock options market, which has a more competitive market structure than ELW market. In the viewpoint of financial consumer protection, education on the time value reduction of contingent claim derivatives with finite maturity is necessary.

This research examines stock traders' disposition effects and contrarian/momentum behavior in the Taiwan Stock Exchange (TWSE). Specifically, we first investigate disposition effects across all trader types and then examine the relationships between disposition effects, trader types, and order characteristics. Next, we explore contrarian and/or momentum behavior and analyze the relationships among the contrarian/momentum behavior, investor type, and order characteristics. Finally, the links among trader types, order characteristics, and investment performance are detected. This chapter yields the following findings. (1) Individual investors exhibit the strongest disposition effects compared to other investors. (2) Foreign investors, investment trusts, and individual investors tend to use large orders to sell loser stocks. (3) Investment trusts are inclined to be momentum traders, while individual investors tend to perform contrarian strategies. (4) Institutional aggressive and large orders perform better than individuals' orders. (5) The performance of foreign investors' selling decisions is better than that of retail investors.