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In this research, recycled fibres (RF) were used to produce three types of two-component yarns such as cotton covered by RF "R-C" core yarn, RF covered by cotton "C-R" core yarn, and randomly blended "mixed" yarns. In the case of "R-C" and "C-R" core yarns, the core component is perfectly covered by sheath fibres and the appearance of these yarns is the same as that of yarns made with sheath fibres. The results show that "R-C" yarns are stronger than other types, while; there is no significant difference between the strength of "C-R" and "mixed" yarns. Also, the strength of all types of two-component yarns is higher than that of 100% RF yarns, while their elongation is almost as same as that of 100% cotton yarns, which are lower than that of RF yarns. Also the irregularity of all of the twocomponent core yarns is better than that of RF yarns. From the results, we conclude that, with our techniques, we can produce on a friction spinning machine two-component core yarns and blend yarns from staple fibres with acceptable appearance and tensile properties.

THE LARGEST GROWTH opportunity for new composite materials is in replacement of aluminium components in fuselage, wing and control surfaces. Glass fibres appear to be too low in modulus and high in density to compete with aluminium but graphite, boron and PRD‐49, alone or in combination, all offer performance plusses and weight savings to the aircraft designer. While 90 per cent of the airframe weight produced in the USA today is aluminium, increasing use of composites is expected as design confidence in these new materials is established, and ever‐increasing performance requirements in military and commercial aircraft necessitate the unique properties of premium composites.

Presents general properties and examples of weaves for two‐component multilayered woven fabrics. Such fabrics have a combination of properties which it is difficult to achieve in traditional fabrics (bulk combined with good tenacity, high cover level with porosity), can be used in liningless garments and can cope with ergonomical restrictions when using fibres with special protective properties. Describes a CAD system which can be used as an aid for a technologist to choose yarns for warp and weft, fabric weave and picks/ends count to meet demands specified by a particular fabric usage. It employs a new method of coding of multilayered fabric structure; mathematical methods used are based on the mechanical model of yarns interaction in a fabric. This describes the spatial disposition of yarns which allows production of any desired images of fabric geometry, i.e. surface smoothness or shape of pores. Discusses the complex nature of porosity of multilayered fabrics.

Bending and shear rigidities of woven fabrics depend on fibre, yarn and fabric-related parameters. However, there is lack of research efforts to understand how bending and shear rigidities change in woven fabrics having similar areal density. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the change in bending and shear rigidities in plain woven fabrics having similar areal density.

A total of 18 fabrics were woven (9 each for 100 per cent cotton and 100 per cent polyester) keeping the areal density same. Yarns of 20, 30 and 40 Ne were used in warp and weft wise directions and fabric sett was adjusted to attain the desired areal density.

When warp yarns become finer, keeping weft yarns same, bending rigidity remains unchanged but shear rigidity increases in warp wise direction. When weft yarns are made finer, keeping the warp yarns same, both the bending and shear rigidities of fabric increase in warp wise direction. Similar results for fabric bending and shear rigidities were obtained in transpose direction. There is a strong association between fabric shear rigidity and number of interlacement points per unit area of fabric even when fabric areal density is same.

Very limited research has been reported on the low-stress mechanical properties of woven fabrics having similar areal density. A novel attempt has been made in this research work to investigate the bending and shear rigidities of woven fabrics having similar areal density. Besides, it has been shown that it is possible to design a set of woven fabrics having similar bending rigidity but different shear rigidity.

Examines the fourteenth published year of the ITCRR. Runs the whole gamut of textile innovation, research and testing, some of which investigates hitherto untouched aspects. Subjects discussed include cotton fabric processing, asbestos substitutes, textile adjuncts to cardiovascular surgery, wet textile processes, hand evaluation, nanotechnology, thermoplastic composites, robotic ironing, protective clothing (agricultural and industrial), ecological aspects of fibre properties – to name but a few! There would appear to be no limit to the future potential for textile applications.

Today, Jacquard woven fabric producers are able to digitally control each warp yarn individually, pre-program the variable pick density and speed for each filling yarn, and automatically change a pattern without stopping the weaving process. Jacquard CAD systems dramatically reduce the time to produce fabric from the artwork or target design The process of weave/color selection for each area of the pattern is, however, still highly dependent on the CAD system operator who works from a particular color gamut. Multiple weaving trials are required to get a sample that matches the original artwork since the process requires the designer‘s subjective evaluation. The lack of automatic selection of weaves/color matching prompts this research.

This paper addresses the development of a geometric model for predicting the color contribution of each warp and filling yarn on the fabric surface in terms of construction parameters. The combination of geometric modeling and existing color mixing equations enables the prediction of the final color of different areas of a Jacquard pattern. The model was verified experimentally and a close agreement was found between a color mixing equation and the experimental measurements.

Examines the fifteenth published year of the ITCRR. Runs the whole gamut of textile innovation, research and testing, some of which investigates hitherto untouched aspects. Subjects discussed include cotton fabric processing, asbestos substitutes, textile adjuncts to cardiovascular surgery, wet textile processes, hand evaluation, nanotechnology, thermoplastic composites, robotic ironing, protective clothing (agricultural and industrial), ecological aspects of fibre properties – to name but a few! There would appear to be no limit to the future potential for textile applications.

Examines the fifthteenth published year of the ITCRR. Runs the whole gamut of textile innovation, research and testing, some of which investigates hitherto untouched aspects. Subjects discussed include cotton fabric processing, asbestos substitutes, textile adjuncts to cardiovascular surgery, wet textile processes, hand evaluation, nanotechnology, thermoplastic composites, robotic ironing, protective clothing (agricultural and industrial), ecological aspects of fibre properties – to name but a few! There would appear to be no limit to the future potential for textile applications.

Examines the thirteenth published year of the ITCRR. Runs the whole gamut of textile innovation, research and testing, some of which investigates hitherto untouched aspects. Subjects discussed include cotton fabric processing, asbestos substitutes, textile adjuncts to cardiovascular surgery, wet textile processes, hand evaluation, nanotechnology, thermoplastic composites, robotic ironing, protective clothing (agricultural and industrial), ecological aspects of fibre properties – to name but a few! There would appear to be no limit to the future potential for textile applications.

This research seeks to investigate the potential of using para‐aramid fibre fabric and yarn as an external reinforcement to existing structures. The purpose of this paper is to improve existing structural performance or to return the original design performance, during refurbishment. The research aims to investigate the potential for enhanced flexural strength and toughness in concrete beams, which may be required for change of use of buildings, where loadings may be subject to change. Buildings in earthquake zones may also benefit from additional toughness provided with external fabric/yarn reinforcement as a means of providing additional time for escape, for the occupants.

The test compared four types of concrete beams with different reinforcement material compositions and each set consisted of three beams. The beams were: plain reinforced concrete without any external form of reinforcement (RC), plain unreinforced beams with a para aramid sheet (KF), plain unreinforced beams with para aramid strips of yarn attached longitudinally (KY) and plain reinforced concrete beams with sheet fabric (RCKF). All of the para‐aramid material (fabric and yarn) was externally bonded to the samples, using a two part epoxy resin adhesive applied to a prepared surface. To determine the flexural strength and toughness a three point loading test was used to provide load and deflection data on the 12 (500 mm×100 mm×100 mm) concrete beams.

An increase in flexural strength and toughness was observed when para‐aramid was used in conjunction with steel reinforcement bar (re‐bar). The para‐aramid fabric and yarn produced similar results to the plain reinforced concrete beam in terms of flexural strength but not toughness.

An advantage of using para‐aramid as an external reinforcement, would be to utilise the large deflection the beam sustains under loading, whilst the fabric/yarn holds the beam together across the rupture plane. Although the testing did not prove that para‐aramid would be a viable alternative to steel re‐bar it did show that the material has the potential as an additional reinforcement that may be particularly useful where concrete structures are subject to large deformations or in need of repair.