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We propose herein a motion detection artificial vision model which uses analog electronic circuits. The proposed model is comprised of four layers. The first layer is a differentiation circuit of the large capacitor and resistance (CR) coefficient, and the second layer is a differentiation circuit of the small CR coefficient. Thus, the speed of the movement object is detected. The third layer is a difference circuit for detecting the movement direction, and the fourth layer is a multiple circuit for detecting pure motion output. The model was shown to be capable of detecting a movement object in the image. Moreover, the proposed model can be used to detect two or more objects, which is advantageous for detection in an environment in which several objects are moving in multiple directions simultaneously. From a technological viewpoint, the proposed model facilitates clarification of the mechanism of the biomedical vision system, which should enable design and simulation by an analog electric circuit for detecting the movement and speed of objects.

The purpose of this paper is to present analysis of short-circuit transients in a single-phase self-excited induction generator (SP-SEIG) for different capacitor topologies.

The paper presents field analysis of the short-circuit problem in the SP-SEIG on the base of two-dimensional field-circuit model of the generator.

The carried-out field computations of the tested SP-SEIG show that the self-excited induction generator is intrinsically protected from the results of sudden short-circuit, as output voltage and current drop rapidly to zero. Short-circuit is a problem when a series capacitor is used to improve output voltage regulation. Experimental results show that re-excitation of the generator is possible after the short-circuit is removed.

The originality of the paper is the presented analysis of short-circuit transients at terminals of SP-SEIG. A finite elements method-based field circuit model was used. The simulation results were validated by the measurements conducted on a laboratory test setup.

The purpose of this paper is to present analysis of an influence of rotor slots opening on self-excitation process, terminal voltage and performance characteristics of the single-phase self-excited induction generator (SPSEIG).

The paper presents field analysis of the self-excitation problem in the SPSEIG and performance characteristics on the base of two-dimensional field-circuit model of the generator.

The carried out field computations of the tested SPSEIG with closed rotor slots showed that only an initial voltage across the excitation capacitor of about nominal value (230 V) causes successful self-excitation of the generator. It was also proved that the suitable opening of the rotor slots, beside remnant flux density in the rotor core, facilitates self-excitation in the generator. Since in working applications initially charging of the capacitor to almost nominal voltage may cause a problem, therefore employment of semi-closed rotor slots in the SPSEIG would be proper solution.

The conducted simulations, validated by laboratory tests showed that not only suitable excitation capacitor capacitance and rotor speed are needed to obtain desired terminal voltage of the generator, but also suitable initial voltage across the capacitor in auxiliary stator winding is very important and necessary for reliable self-excitation of the single-phase induction generator with closed rotor slots. The employment of semi-closed rotor slots in the SPSEIG makes the self-excitation more effective.

Applies the field/circuit two‐dimensional method and improved circuit method to engineering designs of the induction motor with stator cores made of amorphous iron. Exploiting of these methods makes possible computation of many different specific parameters and working curves in steady states for the “high efficiency” three‐phase small induction motor. Compares the results of this calculation with the results obtained for the classical induction motor with identical geometric structure.

This paper aims to propose an improved two-dimensional hybrid analytical method (HAM) in Cartesian coordinates, based on the exact subdomain technique and the magnetic equivalent circuit (MEC).

The magnetic field solution is obtained by coupling an exact analytical model (AM), calculated in all regions having relative permeability equal to unity, with a MEC, using a nodal-mesh formulation (i.e. Kirchhoff’s current law) in ferromagnetic regions. The AM and MEC are connected in both axes (x, y) of the (non-)periodicity direction (i.e. in the interface between the tooth regions and all its adjacent regions as slots and/or air-gap). To provide accuracy solutions, the current density distribution in slot regions is modeled by using Maxwell’s equations instead of the MEC characterized by an equivalent magnetomotive force (MMF) located in slots, teeth and yokes.

It is found that whatever the iron core relative permeability, the developed HAM gives accurate results for no- and on-load conditions. The finite-element analysis demonstrates excellent results of the developed technique.

The main objective of this paper is to make a direct coupling between the AM and MEC in both directions (i.e. x- and y-edges). The current density distribution is modeled by using Maxwell’s equations instead of the MEC and characterized by an MMF.

The purpose of this study is to numerically examine the heat transfer and transport of space charges in the solid insulating materials [low density polyethylene (LDPE), flame retardant type 4 (FR4), Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)] using the transmission line modeling (TLM) method. Besides, a comprehensive study is performed on the mutual influences of heat transfer and space charges transport within the solid dielectric bulk.

The obtained governing equations including continuity and circuit equations are coupled with heat transfer equations, and they are solved via fourth-order Runge–Kutta method.

The electric potential and field, current density and temperature distribution are calculated. It is shown that compared with FR4 and PTFE, the temperature increment rate in LDPE is much lower. Moreover, the heat transfer in the solid insulating materials bulk increases the homo-charges density and temperature in the vicinity of electrodes. Hence, the reduction in electric field is reflected in the potential deformations in the proximity of electrodes. Furthermore, where the electric field is maximized, the temperature is minimized.

This study is restricted to two-dimensional problems.

Interestingly, because of the lower temperature in LDPE, the current density and their increment rates in LDPE are much lower than that in FR4 and PTFE dielectric materials.

The large size of models and long computing time prevent the creation of full‐scale, three‐dimensional models of end region of turbogenerators. Only exact three‐dimensional model can illustrate complex phenomena of end region losses. Also some methods of decreasing such losses cannot be simulated in two‐dimensional models. The purpose of this paper is to focus on a method of creating three‐dimensional models of turbogenerators' end regions for calculations of eddy current losses.

Time‐stepping is the most expensive part of computation. A harmonic model would be free from that disadvantage and it can provide a tool to make an accurate, fully three‐dimensional model of a steady state for different loads and provide results in a reasonable time.

The research focuses on the method of creating three‐dimensional models of turbogenerators end region for calculations of eddy current losses. By using two‐dimensional, time‐stepping models and empirical loss functions for a main flux and three‐dimensional models for eddy current losses from a perpendicular flux of an end connections, it is found that fast analysis of that complex part of a machine can be achieved.

The approach proposed in the paper is a universal and novel method of calculation losses of turbogenerators' end regions. Combining two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional models provides advantages of both known methods: fast computation time from simplified models and good representation of complex geometry of a machine.

New approaches for non‐classical neural‐based computing are introduced. The developed approaches utilize new concepts in three‐dimensionality, invertibility and reversibility to perform the required neural computing. The various implementations of the new neural circuits using the introduced paradigms and architectures are presented, several applications are shown, and the extension for the utilization in neural‐systolic computing is also introduced.

The new neural paradigms utilize new findings in computational intelligence and advanced logic synthesis to perform the functionality of the basic neural network (NN). This includes the techniques of three‐dimensionality, invertibility and reversibility. The extension of implementation to neural‐systolic computing using the introduced reversible neural‐systolic architecture is also presented.

Novel NN paradigms are introduced in this paper. New 3D paradigm of NL circuits called three‐dimensional inverted neural logic (3DINL) circuits is introduced. The new 3D architecture inverts the inputs and weights in the standard neural architecture: inputs become bases on internal interconnects, and weights become leaves of the network. New reversible neural network (RevNN) architecture is also introduced, and a RevNN paradigm using supervised learning is presented. The applications of RevNN to multiple‐output feedforward discrete plant control and to reversible neural‐systolic computing are also shown. Reversible neural paradigm that includes reversible neural architecture utilizing the extended mapping technique with an application to the reversible solution of the maze problem using the reversible counterpropagation NN is introduced, and new neural paradigm of reversibility in both architecture and training using reversibility in independent component analysis is also presented.

Since the new 3D NNs can be useful as a possible optimal design choice for compacting a learning (trainable) circuit in 3D space, and because reversibility is essential in the minimal‐power computing as the reduction of power consumption is a main requirement for the circuit synthesis of several emerging technologies, the introduced methods for non‐classical neural computation are new and interesting for the design of several future technologies that require optimal design specifications such as three‐dimensionality, regularity, super‐high speed, minimum power consumption and minimum size such as in low‐power control, adiabatic signal processing, quantum computing, and nanotechnology.

A finite‐element formulation is developed to analyze nonlinear electromagnetic devices in steady‐state conditions under specified alternating terminal voltages. The circuit equations are used to express current densities in terms of the unknown vector potential, so that only one nonlinear field equation must be solved. The mathematical formulation and the finite‐element and Fourier approximations are developed and the numerical algorithm used to solve the resulting block system is discussed. Finally, an application of the method to analyze an electromagnet with shading coils is presented.

The paper aims to present a modeling method for multi‐layer, multi‐material printed circuit boards (PCBs) in both micro‐structure and board levels.

The method incorporates a multilayer finite element model that is established in two parts: the first part is an elasto‐plastic damaging model, which is presented to model metallic plies in the multi‐layer PCBs, while the second is a bi‐phase model for glass‐fiber/epoxy‐resin composite ply with fiber/matrix structure.

Numerous composite parts and complex material properties of multi‐layer PCBs complicate the reliability of the simulation. Therefore, the board level simulation and the micro‐structure modeling cannot be performed at the same time. A multi‐layer FEM code can solve this problem: with the use of bi‐phase and elasto‐plastic plies in this code, the micro‐structure and board‐level modeling for multi‐layer PCBs can be incorporated.

With the implementation of a virtual boundary method, the current multi‐layer model can be combined with the unit‐cell modeling method to perform detailed analysis at the micro‐structure level.

This paper presents a method for multi‐layer PCB modeling at both the micro‐structure and board levels. It provides a way to individually design the fabric types and the properties of glass fibers, epoxy resin, and copper foil in PCBs, to meet specific reliability requirements. With the proposed modeling, the static and shock responses of optimized PCBs can be analyzed with less computation.