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Firstly, leaders are assessed according to a wide variety of criteria. To be an effective leader, one should be aware of these criteria and perform accordingly. Secondly, there is an ongoing debate between scholars on whether leaders are lonely at the top or not. Leaders might feel lonely because of the great responsibility and exhaustion related to the role. Social support from the leader’s network helps to cope with the loneliness. Thirdly, work motivation and job satisfaction have an impact on employee performance. A leader should pay attention to these concepts for higher organizational performance.

In the early 2020s, the world of Turkish football met a new leader: Hakan Karaahmet, the club president who led Giresunspor’s rise to the Turkish Super League. In the summer of 2020, Karaahmet was elected as the president of Giresunspor, which is the most popular football club in Giresun, a small city in Turkey on the Black Sea coast. The club was founded in 1925 and re-formed in 1967 as three other small clubs merged. It played in Turkish Super League (Turkish first league) between 1971 and 1977 and was back in the top flight after a 44-year absence, with the leadership of Karaahmet in the 2020–2021 football season. Even though it was quite a difficult task, the president ensured that the club was not relegated from the super league in the 2021–2022 season. Although Giresunspor made a promising start to the 2022–2023 football season with two wins out of three matches, the team fell behind its rivals regarding squad depth because of financial difficulties. As of 1 February, the consecutive crushing losses pushed the team into the relegation zone. The team, fans and the president were devastated. Karaahmet was faced with the dilemma of resigning from the club or not.

This case study can be taught to undergraduate students.

Teaching notes are available for educators only.

CSS 6: Human resource management.

The learning outcomes are as follows. First, female managers can face gender inequity in different forms, such as the glass ceiling and glass cliff, while they run for leadership positions, especially in male-dominated business contexts. Second, managers can show high performance and be effective leaders as long as they are aware of that all managers are evaluated according to a wide variety of criteria, and play many different managerial roles, such as interpersonal, informational and decisional roles. Finally, managers should pay attention to all stakeholders’ demands in decision-making process for sustainability and performing better in the long run.

Since football began gaining popularity in Turkey at the dawn of the 20th century, the sport remains the most popular national sport today. However, recently, a new name has shaken the world of Turkish football: Berna Gozbasi, the first female football manager in Turkish history. In the middle of 2019–2020 football season, Gozbasi became the first female club president after she assumed leadership of Kayserispor. Kayserispor was officially founded as a Turkish professional football club in 1966, and, as its name suggests, was based in Kayseri, a sizeable industrialised city located in Central Anatolia. The team competes in the “Turkish Super League”, Turkey’s top football competition. In this case, to discuss gender inequity, leadership, and management in the sport context, the authors explained the dilemma Gozbasi faced while she decided whether or not to accept this challenging role. Then, the authors examined the experiences she gained as a leader and the dilemma she faced to diminish the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the organisation she led.

Undergraduate and MBA students.

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CSS 6: Human Resource Management.

This paper aims to investigate how predictions of football league standings and efficiency measures of teams, obtained through frontier estimation technique, evolve compared to actual results.

The study is based on data from the Turkish first division football league. Historical data for five seasons, from 2011 to 2016, are used to compare weekly estimates to de facto results. Data envelopment analysis efficiency measures are used to estimate team performances. After each week, a data envelopment analysis is run using available data until then, and final team standings are estimated via computed efficiencies. Estimations are improved by using a data envelopment analysis model that incorporates expert knowledge about football.

Results indicate that deductions can be made about the league’s future progress. Model incorporating expert knowledge tends to estimate the performance better. Although the prediction accuracy starts out low in early stages, it improves as the season advances. Scatter of individual teams’ performances show fluxional behaviour, which attracts studying the impact of uncontrollable factors such as refereeing.

While all previous studies focus on season performance, this study handles the problem as a combination of weekly performance and how it converges to reality. By tracking weekly performance, managers get a chance to confront their weak performance indicators and achieve higher ranking by improving on these inefficiencies.

The purpose of this paper is to present a framework that helps to analyze the dependence between personal welfare and individual (personal) intellectual capital (IIC). The authors also introduce the system of proxy indicator for personal intellectual capital (IC) of football coaches.

This paper employs the idea that personal welfare depends on personal IC, particularly, talent. That is why initially the literature analysis of welfare phenomenon was provided. Then the system of available proxy indicators of football coaches’ IC was designed. To achieve the purpose a linear function is estimated with the help of ordinary least squares method.

The chosen set of IC proxy indicators explain the significant part of coaches’ salary. Such proxies as improvement in the championship table and coach's image in media have a significant and positive influence on coach's salary. Whereas, lowering the position of the club does not considerably affect the coach's wealth. A clubs’ financial capacities and budget also influences coaches’ salaries.

Traditional limitation of proxy indicators-based studies is connected with their eligibility and complexity.

The possibility to codify IC of a person enables to analyze core competencies necessary in a particular activity or profession for success achievement. Moreover a policy of inequality reduction should take into account that intangible assets are at the base of those persons wealth.

This is the first paper that employs IC concept to people wealth while previous literature is dedicated to companies’ or countries’ IC.

The purpose of this paper is to contribute understanding of sponsorship by examining the impacts of team attachment, perceived fit, perceived sincerity and sport team focussed social media consumption on attitudes toward sponsor and intentions to purchase products of sponsor.

Data were collected through survey method. The questionnaires were completed by 310 fans in the arena before the beginning of a professional football game in Istanbul, Turkey. The hypothesized model was tested by using structural equation modeling.

The results reveal that sport consumers who see a fit between the sponsor and sport team are more likely to believe that the sponsor’s motives are sincere and sincerity perceptions, in turn, positively influence attitudes toward sponsor and intentions to purchase sponsor’s products. The research also provides empirical evidence for the direct impacts of perceived fit and fans’ usage of social media for receiving team-related information on purchase intentions.

Findings of the current study suggest that sponsor firms should communicate their sincere motives, their fit with the sponsored sport team and be present and active on social media accounts of the sport team in order to leverage their sponsorship.

This study showed that sport team focussed social media consumption has a positive influence on intentions to purchase products of sponsor in an emerging market setting, Turkey, which promises growth in sports market and sponsorship.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the 2010–2015 financial performance (FP) of the national non-profit USA Triathlon (UST) using financial effectiveness (FE) indicators and financial efficiency (FY) ratios.

Archival data were used together with a case study method. FP was evaluated by net income; FE was indicated by total assets and total revenues, while FY was examined by program services ratios and support services ratios.

On average, the FP of the organization was positive ($2,100,591 net income per year), FE was moderate (66 percent increases in assets and revenues) and the FY was mixed (80 percent revenues spent on program services with an impressive return on asset of 14 percent).

By using case study method, the results may not be generalizable to other national non-profit sports organizations with non-financial objectives.

The results revealed that overall FP is a product of both FE and FY, making the study valuable to managers who are often faced with unreliable financial resources.

The study utilized both FE and FY measures to evaluate the FPs of UST – a major shortfall in similar studies.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the 2004-2015 financial performance (FP) of the national non-profit US Table Tennis Association using financial effectiveness (FE) indicators and financial efficiency (FY) ratios.

Archival data were used together with a case study method. FP was evaluated by net income; FE was indicated by total assets and total revenues while FY was examined by program services ratios and support services ratios.

On an average, the FP of the organization was poor ($6,475.00 net loss per year), FE was moderate (50 percent increases in assets and revenues), and the FY was poor (80 percent revenues spent on program services with a return on asset of 201.5 percent).

By using case study method, the results may not be generalizable to other national non-profit sports organizations with non-financial goals.

The paper suggests that national non-profit organizations can enhance their FP by focusing on both FE and FY.

The study utilized both FE and FY measures to evaluate the FPs – a major shortfall in similar studies.

The aim of this study was to predict the financial performance of the United Kingdom's (UK) national non-profit sport federations (NNSFs) using financial effectiveness indicators and financial efficiency ratios, as framed by the resource dependency theory and stakeholder theory.

The dependent variable was financial performance quantified as net income. The independent variables were financial effectiveness (measured as total assets and revenues) and financial efficiency (indicated as return on assets, sponsorship efficiency and donation efficiency). With the help of panel data, the study utilised binary logistic regression and Kendall’ tau correlations.

Binary regression results reported a Nagelkerke R² of 87.5%, with ROA and donation efficiency being the best predictors of financial performance. Results from Kendall’ tau correlations indicated a positive and statistical association between financial performance and financial effectiveness and financial efficiency.

The study was delimited to UK non-profit sports organisations that had free, useable and publicly available financial data. For top management, donors and policy advocates, the study highlighted the superiority of financial efficiency over financial effectiveness.

The study adds to research, theory and practitioners' perspectives by offering a new way of evaluating financial performance with the combination of financial effectiveness and efficiency and not opinions, a factor uncommon in previous studies.

The new type of coronavirus (COVID-19) has deeply affected football, the most followed sport in the world, financially and socially. The clubs that have been heavily hit financially will certainly focus more on the digital world to overcome this problem. Competition in the field will take place in the digital world at the same rate. Three factors will be very important for clubs in the new period: firstly, reassuring the loyal fans' expectation of success as before; secondly, adjusting themselves to the rules of financial fair play and being financially successful; and lastly, meeting the expectations of the new and digitalized fan generation. As a result, the football industry should find the most suitable way for itself, considering the negative consequences of COVID-19 and the changing dynamics of the industry.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the 2009 to 2016 financial performance of the US Hockey Inc., using financial effectiveness indicators and financial efficiency ratios.

With the assistance of financial trend analysis, archival data were used to examine the financial performance (evaluated by net income), financial effectiveness (indicated by total assets and total revenues) and financial efficiency (examined by programme services ratios and return on assets) of US Hockey Inc.

On average, the financial performance of the organization was positive ($30,895 net income per year). Financial effectiveness was steady with increases in assets and revenues. Financial efficiency was poor with 79% of revenues spent on programme services and 1.45% average return on asset.

The results can be generalized to similar national non-profit sports federations but not corporate sports entities with dissimilar financial goals.

The results revealed that national non-profit sports federations can boost their financial performance by maintaining a double strategically focus on both financial effectiveness and financial efficiency.

The study used both financial effectiveness and financial efficiency measures to evaluate the financial performances of a national non-profit sports federation – a neglected approach similar studies.