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This paper aims to determine the conditions for the core of the Triple Helix game to exist. The Triple Helix of university-industry-government relationships is a three-person cooperative game with transferable utility. Then, the core, the Shapley value and the nucleolus were used as indicators of the synergy within an innovation system. Whereas the Shapley value and the nucleolus always exist, the core may not.

The core of a three-person cooperative game with transferable utility exists only if and only if the game is convex. The paper applies the convexity condition to the Triple Helix game.

The Triple Helix game is convex if and only if there is output within the system; it is strictly convex if and only if all the three bilateral and the trilateral relationships have an output.

Convex games are competitive situations in which there are strong incentives towards the formation of large coalitions; therefore, innovation actors must cooperate to maximise their interests. Furthermore, a Triple Helix game may be split into subgames for comprehensive analyses and several Triple Helix games may be combined for a global study.

This paper extends the meaning of the Shapley value and the nucleolus for Triple Helix innovation actors: the Shapley value indicates the quantity a player wins because of the coalitions he involves in and the nucleolus the return for solidarity of an innovation actor.

The public‐university‐government triple helix for sustainable development has been proposed, through introducing a new element (public) into the triple helix model while retaining the balance between economic growth and eco‐system development (Etzkowitz and Zhou). This study aims to explore the future roles and influences of science and technology parks (STPs) on green growth in China, which is now releasing about six billion tons of CO₂ a year (Maplecroft) as GDP keeps over an 8 percent growth rate.

The regular research methodology in social sciences is taken including data collections, interviews, and some investigation to construct the theoretical conception and findings.

Economic growth and environmental sustainability are not in conflict, but are mutually promoting. The green growth approach seeks to create an economic framework which opens up increased opportunities for maximizing the eco‐efficiency, such as sharing and transferring knowledge and technologies for eco‐efficient production processes, for renewable resource use and for integrated natural resources management as well as for creating new job opportunities.

The theme of the paper lies in that a triple helix must be built in order to achieve sustainable development (green growth). The triple helix embodies a couple of objectives of the innovation for economic growth and sustainable development‐triple helix twin. Its most important practical implication is to balance economic growth and sustainability and achieve green growth. STPs' roles should be emphasized.

University‐public‐government triple helix for sustainability is a creative development of triple helix study, which is based on the study in university‐industry‐government triple helix for innovation. The paper uses the idea originally to explore how to get green growth in China though the roles of science parks.

This study aims to evaluate the potential of using the components of the quadruple helix and quintuple helix models, which are extensions of the triple helix university-private sector-public sector cooperation model. Thus, the triple helix model shaped by university-private-public sector cooperation has transformed into a quadruple helix innovation model with the inclusion of the media and culture-oriented public helix. In this context, while the triple helix emphasizes tripartite networks and hybrid organizations, the quadruple helix system focuses on intertwined collaborations, coevolution, and specialization within the framework of firms, institutions, and stakeholders. In the quadruple helix innovation system, the coevolution of art and innovation has assumed a central role in knowledge generation and innovation. In the quintuple helix innovation model, the natural environment of society is added to the quadruple helix. This study consists of three parts. In the first part, the literature on triple helix, quadruple helix, and quintuple helix models is reviewed. In the second part, digital transformation and technological innovations from Industrial Revolution 1.0 to Industry 5.0 are analyzed. In the third section, the contribution of the quintuple helix model to Industry 5.0 and Society 5.0 is explained.

The purpose of this paper is to identify the most extensively studied topics with respect to the triple, quadruple and quintuple helix models developed to explain these links. The review also focusses on ascertaining future trends within this field.

Relevant documents obtained from a search in the Institute for Scientific Information’s Web of Science were submitted to bibliometric analysis using VOSviewer software.

The results of this systematic review illustrate that, despite growing concern about society and the environment, issues related to the three helixes of universities, industries and governments continue to be the most often studied. However, an additional focus on research on the quadruple and quintuple helix models has emerged in the more specialised literature. An analysis of co-citations also identified four clusters of research such as, innovation and knowledge policies; entrepreneurial universities; business innovation strategy; and triple helix stakeholders in innovation, knowledge and regional development.

Some policies are needed. Polices that undergo the mapping of the universities’ specialisations, the industry/society necessities and financial measures could foster the relations between all the stakeholders.

There are many literatures on the factors that affect innovation performance, but few on the effects of knowledge base of an economy on innovation performance. One of the reason is that knowledge base is difficult to measure. Leydesdorff put forward a new method called the triple‐helix model of “technology, organization, and territory” to measure knowledge base of an economy. So, the purpose of this paper is to attempt to validate empirically whether knowledge base in terms of triple‐helix relations among “technology, organization, and territory” has a positive effect on innovation performance.

The authors developed three hypotheses on the basis of reviews, and used multiple regression models and data from the Statistical Yearbook of China to study empirically the relations between knowledge base of an economy, expressed in terms of the triple‐helix relations among “technology, organization, and territory”, and innovation performance.

Not all types of innovation performance are promoted by knowledge base in terms of the triple‐helix relations among “technology, organization, and territory”. The positive effect of knowledge base on patent produced as innovation performance is significant, but is not significant on technology produced and new product development. The technology level and organizational type of a region are important factors that affect patent produced and technology produced. However, their effect on new product development is not significant. “Size of enterprises” can better represent a helix of triple‐helix relations than “ownership of enterprises”. This means that the effect of “size of enterprises” is more direct. Medium‐tech sectors are more important than high‐tech sectors to patent production when the mechanism of interaction and synergy of technology, organization and territory exists.

This paper designs multiple regression models in terms of the triple‐helix relations among “technology, organization, and territory”, and helps to put forward some suggestions to enhance the innovation performance of a country or region.

The purpose of this paper is to generate additional insight into how the Triple Helix approach can be practiced in a regional context.

This paper describes an attempt to develop innovation in a Swedish region, using the Triple Helix approach. The case study is based on a variety of data sources, including a number of semi‐structured interviews.

In implementing the Triple Helix approach, a key role was that of boundary spanners who scanned and pooled ideas for, and interest in, specific projects, building relevant networks and bridging the various involved cultures by semantically translating domain‐specific knowledge. The case also illustrates institutional entrepreneurship as the actors changed the system in which they acted.

The data come from one country and one region only. The use of other data and other research methods would shed more light on the studied issues.

The driving and integrating role of boundary spanners in the case highlights the importance of this role in Triple Helix approaches.

The Triple Helix approach does not offer detailed advice on how to support development and innovation. This study fills a gap by analyzing how theory can be transformed into practice.

The ongoing business dynamics show two aspects for generating innovation: first, high-impact innovations are developed jointly by several actors, such as universities, enterprises, and governments. Second, startups are better suited to develop innovation during crises or periods of low growth as experienced at the moment. Based on these aspects and drawing on the constructs of the triple helix, this study analyzes the influence between the characteristics of the actors on the quality of the startup ecosystem from a global view.

The study examines the cross-section data of 35 countries between 2017 and 2018 and applies the partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) for assessing the relationships between the triple helix on the quality of the startup ecosystem on a country-level.

The findings suggest that each actor of the triple helix individually does not positively affect the quality of the startup ecosystem. Yet, when analyzing the actors jointly by creating a second-order latent variable (i.e. triple helix), the study found out that in this way, the triple helix construct has a positive effect on the quality of the startup ecosystem.

Although a large body of prior literature indicates the importance of generating interrelationships among the different entities involved in ecosystems, few studies provide empirical evidence from a global perspective of the need for these entities to act in an overlapping manner. The present study supports previous research and reinforces the importance of the triple helix for a more innovative environment.

By using the Triple Helix model, the purpose of this paper is to uncover the perceptions of nascent entrepreneurs about a university–industry–government collaboration program, in particular about the role of each agent to foster rural entrepreneurship; the value and effect of this collaboration; and their own contributions to local development.

A qualitative case study method is adopted, involving semi-structured interviews with entrepreneurs and secondary data. The text is analyzed using qualitative content analysis.

The interaction of the Triple Helix partners is perceived as valuable both at the personal and the business levels. One of the most salient results is the value ascribed to the knowledge-rich environment created. Entrepreneurs are aware of their contribution to local development, identifying economic, social and cultural effects.

The research strengthens the importance of the joint efforts of the Triple Helix partners by uncovering a number of outputs from their collaboration, which affect both the entrepreneurs and local development through entrepreneurship.

Previous studies assume that the Triple Helix fosters technological innovation that favors regional development, mainly by adopting a macro-level perspective. This study makes a contribution by furthering the knowledge on the micro-level dynamics of the Triple Helix, through the view of low tech, rural entrepreneurs, considering their context.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze and understand the condition that lead to a constitution’s path of Brazilian Science Parks, in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, and consequently to propose a new dimension of analysis to the Triple Helix.

A qualitative approach was used to elaborate a descriptive and exploratory research design, where a case study method was applied on six science parks.

The use of the Triple Helix model could not explain the Brazilian Science Park development realities. A new element, related to the innovation model, was considered as a determinant in the constitution of the Brazilian parks, and is represented as the community leadership category, as the Fourth Helix.

Since it is a qualitative study, the results obtained have a strong relation with the local, cultural and historically constructed contexts. Bias from the researchers’ subjectivity in the data collection procedures is present, although the validity and reliability measures were performed.

The construction of designed and implemented specific “fertile models,” which are capable of developing the necessary conditions for the constitution and the consolidation of science parks in Brazil.

Such empirical contribution comes from data referring to spontaneous and endogenous local community development movements.

The identification of a new element of the Triple Helix innovation model is represented as the community leadership category and is considered as a key determinant in the constitution of the Brazilian Science Parks.