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Article
Publication date: 10 December 2019

Yongliang Jin, Jian Li, Bingxue Cheng, Dan Jia, Jiesong Tu, Shengpeng Zhan, Lian Liu and Haitao Duan

This paper aims to investigate the thermal oxidation behavior of trimethylolpropane trioleate (TMPTO) base oil when exposed to Fe surfaces.

Abstract

Purpose

This paper aims to investigate the thermal oxidation behavior of trimethylolpropane trioleate (TMPTO) base oil when exposed to Fe surfaces.

Design/methodology/approach

Samples of TMPTO bulk oil were placed in Fe vessels and heated in an oven to accelerate the oxidation at different time intervals, while others were placed in glass vessels and used as experimental controls. Subsequently, the physicochemical properties of the oxidized TMPTOs, including the kinematic viscosity and acid value, were measured and a structural analysis was conducted using the Raman and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) techniques.

Findings

The results demonstrate that the TMPTO bulk oil exhibited an exponential increase in the kinematic viscosity along with the increasing acid value over the oxidation time. The Fe surface significantly increased the kinematic viscosity of TMPTO, while only mildly impacting its acid value compared with the experimental controls. The structural analysis results of the TMPTO suggest that the C = C and = C-H bonds were the vulnerable sites. Furthermore, the results suggest that the Fe surface evidently accelerates the chemical reactions of the C = C and the = C-H bonds, and less alcohols and more carbonyl products were identified in the oil samples that were heated in the Fe vessels.

Originality/value

The results demonstrate that the Fe surfaces affected the oxidation behavior of the TMPTO base oil, and an interaction mechanism between the Fe and the TMPTO is developed.

Details

Industrial Lubrication and Tribology, vol. 72 no. 3
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0036-8792

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 8 April 2022

Bhanudas Dattatraya Bachchhav and Pramod Shivaji Kathamore

Formulation of mineral-based specialty lubricants without anti-wear (AW) and extreme-pressure (EP) additives is a challenging task. This study aims to propose an environment…

Abstract

Purpose

Formulation of mineral-based specialty lubricants without anti-wear (AW) and extreme-pressure (EP) additives is a challenging task. This study aims to propose an environment friendly alternative to mineral-based lubricants with superior wear preventive characteristics.

Design/methodology/approach

In this study, analysis of wear under trimethylolpropane trioleate (TMPTO)-based lube using operating parameters of four-ball tester was done. The effects of type of lube oil, temperature, load and speed on specific wear rate were investigated using Taguchi L27 orthogonal array. Based on the Taguchi experimental results and single-to-noise ratios, ranking of the four ball parameters was done. The surface analysis of worn steel balls was carried out using optical microscopic images of wear scar and energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS).

Findings

Results depict that the blend of sulfurized additives with TMPTO base oil showed a synergistic effect in terms of reduction in specific wear rate by the formation of protective film layer on the surface. The possible physical or chemical interactions between base oil and additives were studied based on the surface morphology of test balls.

Practical implications

The formulated lubricant has the potential to be used as a tapping/broaching oil.

Originality/value

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, the paper is a novel study investigating the effect of different additive in TMPTO. The results could prove beneficial in making TMPTO-based lube oil a viable replacement of mineral-based oils.

Details

Industrial Lubrication and Tribology, vol. 74 no. 5
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0036-8792

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 13 September 2021

Pramod S. Kathamore and Bhanudas D. Bachchhav

The screening of lube oil performance prior to field trials is the most significant for the formulation of novel lubricants. This paper aims to investigate the efficacy of…

Abstract

Purpose

The screening of lube oil performance prior to field trials is the most significant for the formulation of novel lubricants. This paper aims to investigate the efficacy of trimethylolpropane trioleate oil (TMPTO) based lubricants with different additives.

Design/methodology/approach

In this endeavor, initially five lubricating blends along-with TMPTO based oil with variable additives were evaluated for their tribological performances using ASTM standards. Out of these, the top three best-performing oils were further investigated for possible physical or chemical synergies among lube oils, additives and ball surface using SEM. The molecule structures of TMPTO based lube oils were confirmed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).

Findings

The wear preventive and extreme pressure characteristics of different TMPTO based samples were evaluated and compared for compatibility and synergy of additives. Morphological analysis of SEM images was used to understand the wear behavior of the worn surfaces.

Practical implications

Further investigation of TMPTO oil on its oxidation stability at high temperature and pressure to make it technologically competitive and commercially viable metal-working lubricant is suggested.

Originality/value

This paper highlights the tribo-effects of TMPTO to be rendered as a suitable lubricant for metal-cutting operations. The surface morphology of the worn-out surface significantly demonstrates the effect of loading conditions.

Details

Industrial Lubrication and Tribology, vol. 73 no. 7
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0036-8792

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 19 July 2019

Bingxue Cheng, Haitao Duan, Yongliang Jin, Lei Wei, Jia Dan, Song Chen and Jian Li

This paper aims to investigate the thermal oxidation characteristics of the unsaturated bonds (C=C) of trimethylolpropane trioleate (TMPTO) and to reveal the high temperature…

93

Abstract

Purpose

This paper aims to investigate the thermal oxidation characteristics of the unsaturated bonds (C=C) of trimethylolpropane trioleate (TMPTO) and to reveal the high temperature oxidation decay mechanism of unsaturated esters and the nature of the anti-oxidation properties of the additives.

Design/methodology/approach

Using a DXR laser microscopic Raman spectrometer and Linkam FTIR600 temperature control platform, the isothermal oxidation experiments of TMPTO with or without 1.0 wt. % of different antioxidants were performed.

Findings

The results indicated that the Raman peaks of =C-H, C=C and -CH2- weaken gradually with prolonged oxidation time, and the corresponding Raman intensities drop rapidly at higher temperatures. The aromatic amine antioxidant can decrease the attenuation of peak intensity, as it significantly reduces the rate constant of C=C thermal oxidation. The hindered phenolic antioxidant has a protective effect during the early stages of oxidation (induction period), but it may accelerate the oxidation of C=C afterwards.

Originality/value

Research on the structure changes of synthetic esters during oxidation by Raman spectroscopy will be of great importance in promoting the use of Raman spectroscopy to analyze the oxidation of lubricants.

Details

Industrial Lubrication and Tribology, vol. 71 no. 5
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0036-8792

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 28 August 2019

Wen Zhan, Dan Jia, YongLiang Jin, HaiTao Duan, Jian Li and Jun Liu

The purpose of this paper is to synthesize amines/phenolic antioxidants by a new method and to characterize the influence of antioxidants on thermo-oxidative degradation in…

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to synthesize amines/phenolic antioxidants by a new method and to characterize the influence of antioxidants on thermo-oxidative degradation in trimethylolpropane trioleate (TMPTO) base oil.

Design/methodology/approach

The molecule structures of antioxidants and lubricants were confirmed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The oxidative stability of antioxidants and lubricants was evaluated by pressurized differential scanning calorimetry (PDSC).

Findings

These findings suggested that butyl-octyl-diphenylamine has obvious advantage on kinematic viscosity inhibition, and amine-phenol combination antioxidant has a slightly better suppression of total acid in TMPTO under thermal oxidation at 200°C for 96 h. The FTIR characterizations showed that all antioxidants could protect the basic structure of TMPTO in the early stage of thermal degradation.

Originality/value

Under the action of butyl-octyl-diphenylamine, the dehydrogenation of TMPTO is easily met with the alkenyl hydrogen = C–H bond in the unsaturated C = C. Meanwhile, as octadecyl 3-(3, 5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate protects TMPTO, the unsaturated C = C bond in the base oil molecule easily breaks down during transition.

Details

Industrial Lubrication and Tribology, vol. 72 no. 1
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0036-8792

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 10 August 2020

Wen Zhan, Shengpeng Zhan, HaiTao Duan, Xinxiang Li, Jian Li, Bingxue Cheng and Chengqing Yuan

This paper aims to study the thermal oxidation performance of antioxidant additives in ester base oils deeply.

Abstract

Purpose

This paper aims to study the thermal oxidation performance of antioxidant additives in ester base oils deeply.

Design/methodology/approach

ReaxFF molecular dynamics was used to simulate the thermal oxidation process of butyl octyl diphenylamine and octadecyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propanoate as two antioxidant additives act on the Trimethylolpropane trioleate (TMPTO) base oil. Meanwhile, combining with the infrared spectroscopy characterization results of the thermal oxidation test, this paper provides theoretical support for the development of high-performance synthetic lubricants and their antioxidant additives.

Findings

The results show that butyl octyldiphenylamine easily removes the hydrogen atom on the secondary amine, which promotes the formation of more long carbon chain diene radicals or polyene hydroperoxides from TMPTO. Octadecyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propanoate could easily decompose into octadecyl hydroperoxide and 2,6-di-tert-butyl 4-propionylphenol, which could convert into 2-tert-butyl-4-peroxyethyl-6-hydroperoxy-tert-butylphenol in the middle of the thermal oxidation reaction, prompting TMPTO to form more short-chain alkenyl and olefin hydroperoxide or other oxide.

Originality/value

The main change characteristics of base oil molecules are the first thermal decomposition to form oleic acid groups and ethane cyclopropane methyl oleate. Under the action of butyl octyldiphenylamine and octadecyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propanoate, the deep oxidation and decomposition reaction are slowed down.

Peer review

The peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/ILT-01-2020-0037/

Article
Publication date: 2 October 2020

Tong Yu, Peng Yin, Wei Zhang, Yanliang Song and Xu Zhang

The amount, type and addition conditions of additives of lubricants should be continuously adjusted to obtain appealing performance. To obtain the optimal pretreatment parameters…

Abstract

Purpose

The amount, type and addition conditions of additives of lubricants should be continuously adjusted to obtain appealing performance. To obtain the optimal pretreatment parameters and reduce the cost of time-consuming experiments, the purpose of this paper is to establish an optimal back propagation neural network (BPNN) model combined with genetic algorithm (GA) in this work.

Design/methodology/approach

Using trimethylolpropane trioleate as the base oil and three types of phosphorus compounds as additives, 25 sets of lubricant formulas were designed regarding lubricant performances of average friction coefficient, average spot diameter, disk wear volume and extreme pressure. The data set was used for training and learning of BPNN and then combined with GA to optimize BPNN with continuously optimization by adjusting various parameters.

Findings

Comparing prediction data of BPNN with actual test data, correlation coefficients were above 90%, indicating that the model could accurately predict the performance of lubricants. When combined with GA, all performance errors were less than 5%, indicating that BPNN could be optimized by GA to obtain an accurate combined model for prediction of lubricant performance. The best additive formula with excellent performances was obtained from the BPNN–GA model.

Originality/value

This work developed a new method to study lubricant compounding. The combined model was expected to provide a theoretical basis and guidance for the compounding optimization of lubricant additives with high efficiency and low cost and to expand the scope to practical applications.

Peer review

The peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/ILT-05-2020-0165/

Details

Industrial Lubrication and Tribology, vol. 73 no. 2
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0036-8792

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 10 August 2018

Yongliang Jin, Haitao Duan, Lei Wei, Song Chen, Xuzheng Qian, Dan Jia and Jian Li

This paper aims to investigate the tribological behavior and online infrared spectra of three types of lubricating oils containing dinonyl diphenylamine (DNDA) antioxidant, which…

Abstract

Purpose

This paper aims to investigate the tribological behavior and online infrared spectra of three types of lubricating oils containing dinonyl diphenylamine (DNDA) antioxidant, which are mineral oil (MO), poly alpha olefin (PAO) and trimethylolpropane trioleate (TMPTO), during the friction process at high temperature (temperature rising at first and isothermal holding afterwards).

Design/methodology/approach

A platform of low speed four-ball tribometer equipped with a temperature controller combined with infrared spectrometer was established. MO, PAO and TMPTO base oils were mixed with 1.0 Wt.% DNDA antioxidant, coded as MOa, PAOa and TMPTOa in sequence. The friction coefficient and online infrared spectra of the oils were tested during the friction process of temperature rising at first and isothermal holding afterwards, and the wear tracks of the upper balls were measured using a confocal scanning optical microscope.

Findings

The results indicated that the DNDA antioxidant was depleted to reduce the generation of alcohols and carbonyl products, and the depletion rate of DNDA followed the sequence of MOa > PAOa > TMPTOa. In the temperature rising friction process, the critical transition of friction coefficient was confirmed. The addition of DNDA antioxidant reduced the temperature of the oils at the critical transition of friction coefficient, and the temperature followed the sequence of TMPTOa > PAOa > MOa. After the critical transition, the friction coefficient was first increased and then declined to a steady value; the friction coefficient of MOa increased and declined first, followed by PAOa and TMPTOa. In the steady stage of friction, there was no obvious effect of DNDA on the friction coefficient of the oils. Moreover, DNDA enhanced the wear properties of MOa and PAOa; no obvious improvement was revealed for the wear property of TMPTOa.

Originality/value

The established platform of low speed four-ball tribometer combined with infrared spectrometer successfully realized online testing of the structure changes of lubricating oil during high temperature friction, which can give some reference on the oxidation and friction researches of lubricating oil.

Details

Industrial Lubrication and Tribology, vol. 70 no. 7
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0036-8792

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 20 September 2021

Muhammad Bilal Khan, Rehan Zahid, Ali Hussain Kazim and Khalid Javed

Depleting reserves of crude oils and their adverse environmental effects have shifted focus toward environment friendly and biobased lubricant base oils. Natural oils and fats act…

Abstract

Purpose

Depleting reserves of crude oils and their adverse environmental effects have shifted focus toward environment friendly and biobased lubricant base oils. Natural oils and fats act as good lubricants but they have low oxidation and thermal stability which makes them unsuitable for modern day uses. This paper aims to produce trimethylolpropane ester biolubricant from cottonseed oil and study the effects of its use in spark ignition (SI) engines.

Design/methodology/approach

In this work, cottonseed oil is converted to TMP lubricant by a two-step based catalyzed esterification. The lubricants thermophysical properties are then analyzed and a 20% blend with synthetic poly-alpha olefin is used in an spark ignition engine.

Findings

The produced lubricant has viscosity @100oC of 4.91 cSt, a viscosity index of 230 and a flash point of 202oC. When used as a 20% blend in a petrol engine, the rate of oil deterioration was reduced by 18%, however, the overall wear increased by 6.7%. However, this increase is offset by its improved environmental impacts.

Originality/value

In its current state, such a biolubricant can be used as an additive to most commercially available lubricants to improve oil deterioration characteristics and environmental impact. However, further work on improving biolubricant’s wear characteristics is needed for the complete replacement of mineral oil-based lubricants.

Details

Industrial Lubrication and Tribology, vol. 73 no. 7
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0036-8792

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 31 January 2023

Zhixiang Li, Shuo Han, Lei Wang and Kunhong Hu

This study aims to investigate the catalytic performance and tribological properties of MoS2 powder.

Abstract

Purpose

This study aims to investigate the catalytic performance and tribological properties of MoS2 powder.

Design/methodology/approach

In this work, the authors attempted to use MoS2 nanoparticles (nano-MoS2) as a catalyst to synthesize trimethylolpropane oleate (TMPTO) by esterification of trimethylolpropane and oleic acid. The small amount of highly dispersed nano-MoS2 catalyst remaining in TMPTO needed not to be separated and could be used as a lubricant modifier directly to achieve the purpose of improving the lubricity performance of TMPTO.

Findings

The results demonstrated that nano-MoS2 had good catalytic esterification ability and achieved in situ dispersion of about 0.191% nano-MoS2 in TMPTO while catalyzing the synthesis of base oil. After high-speed centrifugal sedimentation treatment, the product TMPTO still retained about 0.008% of nano-MoS2. The above-synthesized TMPTO has significantly better lubricity performance than commercially available TMPTO, in which the friction coefficient and wear rate could be reduced by 75%.

Originality/value

The results of this study provide an idea for the design of catalysts for ester oil synthesis.

Details

Industrial Lubrication and Tribology, vol. 75 no. 2
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0036-8792

Keywords

1 – 10 of 13