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This study investigated the succession process in small and medium family farms as two distinct but related processes of management transfer and ownership transfer. Past studies focused on the broad subject of succession, without dissecting succession into the components that it contains. Furthermore, this study aimed to evaluate which business, family and owner characteristics were significant in the progress of each process toward the actual transfer of management and ownership.

Telephone interviews were conducted to gather information from rural family businesses in Illinois, Indiana, Michigan and Ohio. A bivariate ordered probit regression was utilized to model the processes of management and ownership transfer as separate but related processes. Both management transfer and ownership transfer were modeled utilizing three distinct stages of transfer.

Business and owner characteristics were significant to both management and ownership transfer, whereas family characteristics only influenced ownership transfer. Farm family businesses that discussed goals, identified a successor and were educated on how to start the transfer process were more likely to have made progress in both management and ownership transfer.

The authors contribute empirically to the literature by modeling the components of the succession process, management transfer and ownership transfer, as separate but interrelated processes. The authors specifically investigate which business, owner and family characteristics influence the progression of management and ownership transfer in farm family businesses.

This paper aims to determine the perceptions of family-owned small enterprises on the external transfer of ownership and intra-transfer of ownership using empirical data. This permitted the research to successfully point out the factors that influence the internal transfer of ownership, and also, the effects of intra-transfer of ownership from a viewpoint of both family members and non-family members in small family-owned enterprises.

A quantitative research design was used to conduct this research, where primary data was gathered from a sample of 257 respondents using convenience and snowball sampling techniques. Data was collected through a survey instrument distributed via internet-based surveys (SurveyMonkey) and through a drop-off method. The gathered data was then captured, coded and analysed using Stata (version 15) statistical software.

The results divulged that intra or internal transfer of ownership is the preferred avenue compared to external transfer of ownership. This is because, when a family business is transferred to the next generation, it presents some benefits to family members working in the business and to the family at large. As a result, the empirical results show that factors that influence the internal transfer of ownership include: favouritism; security, stability and growth; a formal and structured succession plan. Business improvement and organisational change are then the effects of external transfer ownership. Although these effects make business sense, family members will advocate for internal transfer of ownership for them not to lose the benefits that come with the internal transfer of ownership.

This paper adds to the current family business research in South Africa, thus reducing the shortage of such research. Moreover, the paper proposes further research that will provide tested, practical and detailed guidelines of survival in the next generation.

The paper empirically highlights the perils of selecting a successor based on favouritism rather than merit and possible consequences, thereby assisting those involved in family enterprise succession to make an informed decision when choosing a successor.

This research paper provides empirical evidence of the internal transfer of ownership factors and external transfer of ownership effects from a South African perspective.

Liability for capital gains tax is determined in terms of the Eighth Schedule to the Income Tax Act 58 of 1962. According to the Eighth Schedule, the disposal of an asset is the event that triggers the liability for capital gains tax. It is therefore imperative to know what constitutes a disposal, because it is fundamental to the entire capital gains tax regime. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the definition of a disposal in order to ascertain whether a disposal, as defined, is intended to mean a transfer of ownership in an asset or whether a disposal could take place upon the occurrence of events or causae other than the transfer of ownership. A study of relevant literature was undertaken to analyse the definition of “disposal” in order to fully comprehend the intention and meaning of the term as it is contemplated in the Eighth Schedule. The current definition of a “disposal” could lead to uncertainty and anomalies. It is therefore recommended that the legislature should amend the definition of a disposal in the Eighth Schedule. The definition should refer to the disposal of an asset (other than a personal‐use asset) as being the transfer of ownership of an asset from one person to another or the loss of the ownership of an asset. Because the common law has clear principles regarding how ownership of different classes of assets is transferred, no confusion would arise regarding whether or when a disposal has occurred.

The purpose of this paper is to complete the following works: construct RFID integration mechanism in the supply chain; build mutual authentication mechanism; and build the transfer mechanism in supply chain.

In order to transfer RFID tag information to others safely in mobile RFID supply chain circumstances, the authors propose a RFID authentication mechanism which can ensure the identity and make the mutual authentication. Moreover, the authors propose a secure transfer method of ownership for the specific role in different regions under the structure of Mobile RFID.

The task of administrator server is to check the order, store the merchandise information, distribute the authority, certify the security and transfer the ownership. It can make the whole supply chain more mobility, and transfer faster.

The goals of this research are to achieve mainly: using mobile RFID system to design secure mutual authentication mechanism, transfer mechanisms with faster transfer and authority distribution. The authors introduce the security authentication and competence transfer mechanism in supply chain.

The purpose of this paper is to show that fractional reserve banking (FRB) has implications for the ownership structure of assets in the economy that violates the Islamic principles of ownership.

This is a theoretical paper that looks into the works of Islamic scholars on the issue of ownership that are based on Qur'an principles and the traditions of the Prophet, and evaluates the FRB from that perspective.

The conclusion of the paper is that money creation through FRB is creation of purchasing power out of nothing which brings about unjust ownership transfers of assets, from the economy to the bank effectively paid for by the whole economy through inflation. This transfer of ownership is not based on human effort by taking on legitimate risks and neither with the knowledge nor the consent of the initial owners. This violates the ownership principles in Islam and is tantamount to theft. It also has the elements of riba. Islamic governments should therefore not create fiat money since this is equivalent to taking assets of the people, rich and poor alike, forcefully without compensation.

Empirical investigations into how bank loans along the years have changed the asset ownership structure in economies may shed further light.

It is, therefore, important that Shariah scholars render a fatwa on both the fiat money and the FRB system. Such a fatwa is urgent and pertinent before Islamic banking and finance, that operate under these systems, takes a course that may prove difficult to reverse later. The Islamic economics and finance cannot be founded upon a money system that is fundamentally equivalent to theft and riba.

The paper shows how the operations of Islamic banking and finance within the fiat money, FRB system are invalid from the Islamic perspective.

The purpose of this paper is to critically study the application of beneficial ownership in sukuk ijarah by analysing the fiqh interpretation on the concept of beneficial ownership.

This is a theoretical paper using content analysis approach that delves into the works of Islamic scholars on the concept of ownership and evaluates the concept of beneficial ownership in sukuk ijarah from the Islamic perspective.

The paper concludes that the beneficial ownership should be considered as true ownership because Shari’ah has allowed the transfer of ownership by a sole basis of contract (offer and acceptance). Although the sukuk holders are not registered as the legal owners in the Land Office, the documentations and agreements have clearly specified the owners and their liabilities.

Empirical investigations into how sukuk holders are responsible for the underlying assets in sukuk ijarah.

It is therefore important to develop parameters for beneficial ownership to govern the use of the concept in Islamic finance.

The paper shows the fiqh interpretation on the beneficial ownership in sukuk ijarah while considering all the constraints and challenges in the implementation of sukuk.

This study aims to investigate beneficial right as a new legal concept and term accepted by the Indonesian legal system. The new concept was ratified to endorse government decision to use ṣukūk (as an Islamic financial instrument) in the financing of state budget deficit. Some legal issues emerged after the ratification such as the necessity to synchronize the beneficial right with other property rights in Indonesia and the disharmony between laws related to sovereign ṣukūk issuance.

The study uses a qualitative method with library study and interviews with relevant legal experts in Indonesia as the data collection techniques.

The findings show that the passage of Sovereign Ṣukūk Law 2008 that ratified beneficial right deemed as a concession point by the government to solve conflicts between legal restriction and employment of state-owned assets as the underlying asset of sovereign ṣukūk. The study deemed the necessity to improve the use of beneficial right in the Indonesian legal system which by the concept is not exercised for the issuance of sovereign ṣukūk only. There is the need to harmonize the administration of this right with other property rights in Indonesia.

The scope of study will be limited to the Indonesian regulation related to the use of beneficial right concept in the issuance of sovereign ṣukūk in Indonesia. The regulation as mentioned will be in the form of statutes, presidential or ministerial regulations, and also opinions of Indonesian legal and sharīʿah scholars regarding the matter.

This study may explore significantly the use of beneficial right for the issuance of sovereign ṣukūk by the Government of Indonesia. Specifically, the study reveals and addresses the issues that are following the ratification of beneficial rights originated from the common law system into the Indonesian civil law system.

Outlines the attempts made over the past few years to develop the financial services required by Kiev City Council to function as a privatization authority. Looks at the privatization programme, the authority responsible for the transfer of ownership and the role the property management division of Kiev City plays in the economic reform and liberalization of Ukraine. Examines the financial aspects of property management, real estate registration, evaluation, land taxation, leasing agreements and the use of receipts from the transfer of ownership. Presents discussions which aim to reflect the developments currently taking place in Kiev City to transform the property management division into a structure that allows it to function as a privatization authority.

This book is a policy proposal aimed at the democratic left. It is concerned with gradual but radical reform of the socio‐economic system. An integrated policy of industrial and economic democracy, which centres around the establishment of a new sector of employee‐controlled enterprises, is presented. The proposal would retain the mix‐ed economy, but transform it into a much better “mixture”, with increased employee‐power in all sectors. While there is much of enduring value in our liberal western way of life, gross inequalities of wealth and power persist in our society.

Contracts term of commercial sale of goods have a ‘title retention clause’, preventing the transfer of ownership till the seller is fully paid. The unpaid seller gets the right to repossess the goods from the buyer. Exigencies of businesses have led to introduction of further clauses allowing the buyer to use or sub-sell the goods even before the transfer of ownership. The United Kingdom Court of Appeal judgment in the Caterpillar Case brings out the effects of the contradictions of a title retention clause qualified by the right of the buyer to use or sub-sell.