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This chapter focuses on clarifying the cooperation and convergence between tourism and audiovisual (AV) sectors in Hamburg and Riga. In light of increasingly easier and more accessible travel, the tourism sector is a growing trend in most countries and regions. To what extent does this affect cooperation with the AV sector? The chapter gives an overview of different types of cooperation in these regions and brings out the main obstacles for innovation. When describing the innovation systems, focus is put on institutional frameworks in these two regions. We end by arguing that raising the demand for innovation in the tourism sector is a real challenge and demonstrating that the public sector plays an important role in driving the cross-innovation processes between the observed sectors.

In tourism research, crisis management mostly refers to operational, on-location, chaotic measures taken as a crisis strikes a tourism destination. Related to COVID-19, this paper focuses on public initiatives representing strategic-oriented crisis management while showing that such initiatives may not help those needing support. More precisely, the paper discusses and exemplifies the conflict of logics between private sector interests and public initiatives related to crisis management in tourism.

The main data source is a structured newspaper review of COVID-19 and tourism as covered in the Swedish press, comprising more than 4,000 items.

Findings indicate logics manifested at different levels and a logic gap between small and large firms. Large firms are potentially better able to adapt but tend to wait passively for financial support rather than reformulate their business operations.

The paper contributes to research on crisis management in tourism by taking a public, societal-level view of crisis management juxtaposed against the local actors' sphere of operations. The conflict of logics proves how support needs to be improved to better help a sector in crisis. Thematic logics are introduced as a concept and captured in the conflicts between the present and the future, survival and change and operations and aggregates in crisis management. Broadly, the paper provides valuable insights into the future of tourism while indicating policy failures in the sector.

The successful growth of tourism in Spain makes tourism policy more important than ever for this destination. The author proposes a reorganisation of the State Secretariat responsible for this sector of the economy. He also takes a look at the strengths and weakness of Spain's current tourism policy, taking Catalonia as an example.

Crompton (1979) has stated that the raison d'être of leisure service delivery Systems is to ensure that adequate opportunities exist through the provision of recreation activities and programs for members of the community to enjoy. It is not important who provides these opportunities as long as they are provided at an equitable price. This may be true in the abstract, however, in the U.S.A. today, like most western nations, there is a mixed economy in which public and private sectors co‐exist, co‐operate and compete in recreation/tourism development. Today, there are many issues and much controversy regarding the appropriate roles which should be taken by public and private suppliers of tourism/recreation.

Seeks to understand the inter‐organisational networks that influence events tourism strategy making by public‐sector event development agencies in Australia.

A qualitative methodology of convergent interviews, followed by multiple case research across six Australian states and territories, was employed. The inter‐organisational relationships and networks of events agencies that impact on their strategy processes for events tourism were the “cases” in focus.

Strategies of a reactive‐proactive nature mostly guide events tourism development by Australia's corporatised event development agencies. These agencies maintain “soft”, loosely formed networks that consist of relatively stable clusters of intra‐governmental and corporate membership with a peripheral, ad hoc membership of other stakeholders.

Although the paper studies perceptions of strategy making at a single point in time, it provides valuable insights into the public sector environment, institutional settings and key relationships that impact on events tourism strategies.

Event development agencies should consider how the unique requirements of event bidding, event development and expansion might facilitate different types of stakeholder engagement and network formation. Integration of regional, metropolitan and state strategies for events tourism may also widen the network of influence on strategies.

The paper informs public sector operatives establishing or managing event development agencies, where tourist generation is a primary marketing goal. It contributes new knowledge in a tourism field that is under‐researched.

While the need to respond to the wide-ranging challenges posed by climate change has been widely emphasized, there is still a relative lack of attention being given to the type, scale, and nature of responses that are taking place in different economic sectors and parts of the world. This chapter provides a review of the tourism-related responses to the implications of climate change in the context of New Zealand. This is a country where tourism is a very important sector of the economy that depends heavily on the credibility of its green and unspoilt destination image. However, due to its relative isolation in the South Pacific, New Zealand requires most international tourists to travel long distances, which results in considerable greenhouse gas emissions. The chapter outlines the private and public sectors' responses to these challenges with particular attention to their collaboration.

Management Strategy.

Management Graduates and Post-Graduates.

Today, tourism is one of the fastest growing industries throughout the world. The tourism industry plays a very crucial role in the country’s economy, as it not only contributes towards the national income but also brings beneficial spillover directly or indirectly on the other industries. Tourism is the most important source of income for many emerging countries. India, a newly emerging economy, also depends, to a great extent, on tourist income. However, this sector continues to not make optimal contribution in India. In today’s competitive arena, the state tourism corporations must use all possible means to maximise growth and profitability through pegging up the rate of tourist arrivals. There is a general agreement in the tourism industry at the theoretical level about the imperative of a public – private partnership (PPP) in serving this objective. PPP aims to synergise the efforts of the two components in the general development of society and increase in competitiveness. The public–private partnership in tourism industry is at an emerging stage and could be developed in various ways. This case study highlights the key learning from Delhi Tourism’s experience on how PPP can be implemented in the tourism sector. This case study discusses an opportunity for Delhi Tourism which can alter the landscape of the tourism industry of India and also the rejuvenation of Delhi Tourism, a public sector corporation, through PPP.

The case will give a clear understanding of the dynamics and environmental factors governing a mixed economy like India. The reasons for the PPP can be analysed through the case. Students can understand the strategic choice of taking a private partner by a public sector in a very dynamic industry, i.e. the tourism sector.

Teaching notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes.

This paper aims to study the relationship between employment and tourism activities as well as economic variables for the 32 states of Mexico for the period 1999-2014.

To study the case of Mexico, the authors use panel data and cointegration panel data. They also use geographic information systems to observe changes over time between the variables, which is useful in the empirical evidence.

The main results obtained by the models are as following: domestic tourism is the variable with the greatest impact on the generation of direct employment in the tourism sector, a finding supported by both methodologies; economic growth (measured by state gross domestic product) also directly impacts the generation of employment; and the cointegration of the panels causes a long-term equilibrium among the states and some variables.

The model used leaves out other variables that may influence the performance of the tourist activity. In addition, given the availability of official and homogeneous information, it only covers what has been documented up to 2014.

The aim is to measure the impact of tourism on the variables at the state level, where the economic activities could be based on public policies, as well as the importance of tourism activities in generating employment. In this sense, the impact would be in channeling efforts to support the main economic activities and could serve as a starting point for the evaluation of programs to promote domestic tourism.

This paper reviews the relationship that exists between tourism activity and its effect on other variables, especially employment. It is the first time that these topics are studied for the Mexican economy.

Develops the view that human resource management is a central strategic and operational concern within the tourism and hospitality industries, with implications for quality and market positioning of tourism at local, regional and national levels. Suggests that all stakeholders, be they public or private sector, visitor or host community, would benefit from a close integration of human resource, labour market and education policies. Presents two studies which substantiate this view: one which generally examines policies for human resource development, and another which addresses the policy issues involved.

This paper aims to investigate empirically how international tourism receipts influence public revenue, in particular non-resource revenue.

The analysis relies on an unbalanced panel of 156 countries (including both developed and developing countries) over the period 1995-2015. The empirical analysis uses the two-step system generalized methods of moments estimator.

The empirical results show that international tourism receipts exert a positive and significant impact on non-resource tax revenue. In addition, this effect increases as countries' development levels rise, which signifies that in terms of non-resource tax revenue, an increase in international tourism receipts benefit much more to advanced economies than to less advanced economies.

These findings call for governments notably in developing countries to develop the tourism sector and concurrently to strengthen tax administrations (and possibly design appropriate tax policy for the tourism sector) to derive the full advantage in terms of public revenue from the rise in international tourism receipts.

The analysis highlights the importance of international tourism receipts for public revenue. This would help scholars and policymakers have a clearer view, at least in terms of magnitude, on the impact of international tourism receipts on non-resource tax revenue.

To the best of the author’s knowledge, this is first the study that investigates this topic.

本文就国际旅游收入如何影响公共收入尤其是非资源收入的问题, 进行了实证研究。

本文的分析基于1995年至2015年期间由156个国家（包括发达国家和发展中国家）组成的不平衡小组的数据。 实证分析采用两步法通用矩量法（GMM）估计。

实证结果表明, 国际旅游收入对非资源税收入产生了积极而显著的影响。 而且, 这种影响随着国家发展水平的提高而增加, 这表明就非资源税收入而言, 国际旅游收入的增加对发达经济体的收益要比对较不发达经济体的收益大得多。

结果表明, 各国政府尤其是发展中国家的政府, 应当发展旅游业, 同时加强税收管理（并可能为旅游业设计适当的税收政策）, 以便从国际旅游业的增长中获得公共收入方面的最大收益。

分析强调了国际旅游收入对公共收入的重要性。 这将有助于学者和决策者对国际旅游收入对非资源税收入的影响（至少在规模上）有更清晰的认识。

据我们所知, 本文是第一个研究该主题的研究。

旅游外汇收入，非资源性收入

研究论文

El artículo investiga empíricamente, cómo los ingresos internacionales por turismo influyen en los ingresos públicos, en particular, todos aquellos ingresos “no relacionados” con los recursos turísticos.

El análisis se basa en un panel no-equilibrado de 156 países (incluidos países desarrollados y en desarrollo) durante el período 1995-2015. El análisis empírico que se aplica, se fundamente en dos fases sobre el estimador de Métodos Generalizados de Momentos (GMM).

Los resultados muestran que los ingresos internacionales por turismo, ejercen un impacto positivo y significativo, en los ingresos fiscales no relacionados con los recursos turísticos. Además, este efecto aumenta, a medida que aumentan los niveles de desarrollo de los países, lo que significa que, en términos de ingresos fiscales, no relacionados con los recursos, un aumento en los ingresos internacionales por turismo, beneficia mucho más a las economías avanzadas, que a las economías menos avanzadas.

Los descubrimientos de este trabajo, exigen que los gobiernos, en particular en los países en desarrollo, fomenten el sector turístico y al mismo tiempo, fortalezcan las administraciones tributarias (y posiblemente diseñen una política fiscal adecuada para el sector turístico), con el fin de obtener una ventaja total, en términos de ingresos públicos por el aumento de los ingresos del turismo internacional.

El análisis destaca la importancia de los ingresos por el turismo internacional en los ingresos públicos. Esto ayudaría a los académicos y gestores de políticas a tener una visión más clara, al menos en términos de magnitud, sobre el impacto de los ingresos por el turismo internacional en los ingresos fiscales no relacionados con los recursos turísticos.

Hasta donde sabemos, este es primero el estudio que investiga este tema.

Recibos de turismo internacional, Ingresos no recurrentes

Trabajo de investigación