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The interaction between the culture and tourism industries is naturally concentrated in cities. However, the effect of their co-agglomeration on urban tourism development depends on their level of integration. This study aims to answer the following questions: Can culture–tourism co-agglomeration promote the development of the tourism economy? Is the effect of culture–tourism co-agglomeration on tourism development moderated by culture–tourism integration? Does culture–tourism co-agglomeration have spatial spillover effects?

Taking 262 prefecture-level cities in China from 2009 to 2019 as the research sample, this study measures the degree of culture–tourism co-agglomeration using a co-agglomeration index and measured culture–tourism integration using a coupling coordination degree model. Using a threshold model and a spatial econometric model, this study examined the effect of culture–tourism co-agglomeration on urban tourism development.

Culture–tourism co-agglomeration had a positive effect on the urban tourism economy, and the effect differed according to geographical location and city grade. Moreover, culture–tourism co-agglomeration’s effect on the urban tourism economy was affected by the level of culture–tourism integration. When the level of culture–tourism integration crossed the threshold, the positive effect of culture–tourism co-agglomeration on the urban tourism economy will be enhanced. Finally, culture–tourism co-agglomeration had positive spatial spillover effects on surrounding cities.

This study integrated culture–tourism co-agglomeration, culture–tourism integration and urban tourism economy into the same research framework and innovatively analyzed the effect of the scale and quality of culture–tourism interaction on the urban tourism economy.

文化产业和旅游产业之间的互动性使其天然地在城市中集聚发展。然而, 文化和旅游协同集聚对城市旅游发展的影响取决于它们的融合发展水平。本研究旨在回答以下问题：文化和旅游协同集聚能否促进旅游经济的发展？文化和旅游协同集聚对城市旅游发展的作用是否受到文化和旅游融合发展水平的调节影响？文化和旅游协同集聚对城市旅游发展的影响是否具有空间溢出效应？

本文以2009-2019年中国262个地级及以上城市为研究样本, 采用协同集聚指数测度城市文化和旅游集聚水平, 采用耦合协调度模型测度城市文化和旅游融合发展水平, 并通过构建面板门槛模型和空间计量模型, 检验文化和旅游协同集聚对城市旅游发展的影响。

文化和旅游协同集聚对城市旅游发展具有正向的促进作用, 而且这种影响会因为地理位置和城市等级的不同而存在差异。此外, 文化和旅游协同集聚对城市旅游发展的促进作用还受到文旅融合发展水平的影响, 当文旅融合发展水平跨越发展门槛后, 文化和旅游协同集聚对城市旅游发展的正向影响得到增强。最后, 文化和旅游协同集聚对周边城市具有积极正向的空间溢出效应。

本文将文化和旅游协同集聚、文化和旅游融合发展、城市旅游发展纳入统一框架, 创新性地分析了文化和旅游互动发展的规模和质量对城市旅游发展的影响。

The digital economy has become a key force supporting the high-quality development of tourism. This paper discusses the coupling coordination relationship and spatiotemporal evolution path of digital economy and tourism in China's provinces.

This paper uses the entropy method to measure the development level of digital economy and tourism, and establishes coupling coordination model and spatial autocorrelation model to study the interaction between the two industries.

Results show that the development levels of the two industries are rising, which spatially show a progressively decreasing pattern of east-middle-northeast-west. The coupling coordination degrees of the two industries have increased steadily, but the overall level is still near maladjusted. Spatially, the positive correlation is increasing, but the incongruity of spatial agglomeration is still significant. The coupling coordination evolution path in the provinces shows differentiated characteristics. The migration path is mainly concentrated in Zones I and II. The eastern region has an obvious trend of extending to Zone III, where the tourism industry was the most affected by the pandemic.

The study helps clarify the industrial coupling and coordination relationship in various regions and formulate regional tourism digital transformation strategies to promote the high-quality development of China's tourism industry.

This paper enriches the research on the relationship between digital economy and tourism from the perspective of industrial integration. The development commonality of China's tourism digital transformation summarized provides theoretical reference and demonstration for the coordinated development of China's tourism.

This paper aims to emphasize economic complexity, tourism, information and communication technology (ICT), renewable energy consumption and foreign direct investment (FDI) as the determinants of carbon emissions.

These economies rely on the tourism sector, and Asian countries rank among the top tourism economies worldwide in terms of tourism receipts. This study uses a series of empirical estimators, i.e. cross-sectional augmented auto-regression distributive lag and panel cointegration, to validate the main hypotheses.

The econometric results confirm an inverted U-shaped association between economic complexity and carbon emissions, validating the economic complexity index induced environment Kuznets curve hypothesis for the selected Asian economies.

Finally, the empirical results admit articulating some imperative policy suggestions to attain a sustainable environment on behalf of outcomes.

Furthermore, ICT and renewable energy consumption are environment-friendly indicators, while FDI and the international tourism industry increase environmental pressure in selected countries. In addition, this study also explores the interaction between renewable energy and ICT with FDI and their effects on carbon emissions. Interestingly, both interaction terms positively respond to the environmental correction process.

Because ICT with FDI may not reduce environmental pollution unless the energy used in FDI projects is greener. Moreover, in Asian economies, industrial and other sectors could increase environmental quality via the role of ICT in FDI.

修正亚洲前 8 大经济体的旅游环境库兹涅茨曲线假设：ict 和可再生能源消耗的作用

这些经济体依赖旅游业, 就旅游收入而言, 亚洲国家在全球旅游经济体中名列前茅。本研究使用一系列经验估计量, 即 CS-ARDL 和面板协整来验证我们的主要假设。

本文强调经济复杂性、旅游、信息和通信技术 (ICT)、可再生能源消费和外国直接投资 (FDI) 作为碳排放的决定因素

计量经济学结果证实了经济复杂性与碳排放之间的倒 U 型关联, 验证了 ECI 对选定亚洲经济体的环境库兹涅茨曲线 (EKC) 假设。

最后, 实证结果承认阐明了一些必要的政策建议, 以代表结果实现可持续环境。

此外, 信息通信技术和可再生能源消耗是环境友好型指标, 而外国直接投资和国际旅游业增加了选定国家的环境压力。此外, 本研究还探讨了可再生能源和 ICT 与外国直接投资之间的相互作用及其对碳排放的影响。有趣的是, 这两个交互项都对环境校正过程做出了积极响应。

ICT 与 FDI 可能不会减少环境污染, 除非 FDI 项目中的能源使用更环保。此外, 在亚洲经济体中, 工业和其他部门可以通过 ICT 在 FDI 中的作用提高环境质量。

环境库兹涅茨曲线; 外商直接投资;信息和通信技术; 可再生能源;旅游;亚洲主要旅游经济体

文章类型： 研究型论文

This paper aims to review some of the academic literature on the circular economy, natural capital and resilience by tourism and hospitality scholars and to examine how a number of companies and industry bodies within the tourism and hospitality industry have used these concepts in their business operations and development plans.

The paper outlines the importance of sustainability to the tourism and hospitality industry and provides definitions of the concepts of the circular economy, natural capital and resilience. The paper reviews some of the academic literature on these concepts, explores how a number of companies and industry bodies within the tourism and hospitality industry have used them in their business and planning operations and identifies a number of future directions for academic research and managerial contributions.

The concepts illuminate a range of sustainability challenges and opportunities, and some companies use these concepts in their sustainability strategies and development planning. The current depth of theoretical understanding does not lend itself to management strategies, but one fruitful avenue is to explore how information systems can be better deployed to support these concepts and sustainability management in general.

The paper provides an accessible exploratory review of how academics and companies are focussing on the concepts of the circular economy, natural capital and resilience in the tourism and hospitality industry. As such, it will be of interest to academics, students and practitioners interested in the hospitality industry.

The purpose of this paper is to argue for the development of a vibrant domestic tourism sector in emerging economies as a means of moving towards a more sustainable tourism sector and achieving many of the goals outlined in the UNWTO’s 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.

It uses a perspective approach through a critical state-of-the-art review of selected domestic and international tourism studies.

This paper illustrates how developing such a sector will provide a range of economic and social benefits to emerging economies and their residents, as well as lowering the per-capita tourism carbon footprint of destination areas.

This study identifies policy initiatives that can be developed to help emerging economies transition from an international tourism focus to a more balanced focus.

This study indicates the social benefits of developing a domestic tourism sector in emerging economies.

It equips national tourism organisations and small and medium tourism enterprises with specific actions for the use of tourism as a prosperity tool in the pursuance of these benefits. It, further, calls for a research agenda on investigating how emerging economies are uniquely progressing towards this global goal through thriving domestic tourism recognising that each economy is culturally different.

本文主张在新兴经济体发展充满活力的国内旅游业, 以此作为迈向更可持续的旅游业和实现联合国世界旅游组织《2030 年可持续发展议程》中概述的许多目标的手段。

通过对选定的国内和国际旅游研究进行批判性的最新文献回顾, 采用了前瞻性的方法。

本文阐述了发展这样一个产业将如何为新兴经济体及其居民提供一系列经济和社会效益, 并降低目的地的人均旅游碳足迹。

确定可以制定的政策举措, 以帮助新兴经济体从国际旅游业向更平衡的旅游业转型

展现了新兴经济体发展国内旅游业的社会效益。

为国家旅游组织和中小型旅游企业提供了将旅游业作为繁荣工具以实现上文提到的这些利益的具体方向。此外, 论文还呼吁制定一项研究议程, 调查新兴经济体如何通过繁荣的国内旅游业独特地朝着这一全球目标前进, 也需要认识到每个经济体的文化都不同。

Este trabajo defiende el desarrollo de un sector turístico interno fuerte en las economías emergentes como medio para avanzar hacia un sector turístico más sostenible y alcanzar muchos de los objetivos esbozados en la Agenda 2030 para el Desarrollo Sostenible de la OMT.

Adopta un enfoque de perspectiva a través de una revisión crítica del estado del arte de estudios turísticos nacionales e internacionales seleccionados.

El trabajo ilustra cómo el desarrollo de este sector aportará una serie de beneficios económicos y sociales a las economías emergentes y a sus residentes, así como la reducción de la huella de carbono per cápita del turismo en las zonas de destino.

Identifica las iniciativas políticas que pueden desarrollarse para ayudar a las economías emergentes en la transición de un enfoque turístico internacional a un enfoque más equilibrado.

Se indican los beneficios sociales de un desarrollo del sector turístico interno en las economías emergentes.

Proporciona a las organizaciones nacionales de turismo y a las pequeñas y medianas empresas turísticas acciones específicas para el uso del turismo como herramienta de bienestar en la consecución de estos beneficios. Además, propone un programa de investigación sobre el modo en que las economías emergentes avanzan hacia este objetivo global a través de un turismo interno floreciente, teniendo en cuenta que cada economía es culturalmente diferente.

The purpose of this paper is to re-examine the economic models and assumptions that have given rise to current day tourism. It suggests alternate models based on new values to help tourism emerge from the current COVID crisis and “come-of-age.”

The paper delineates the assumptions of neoliberal economics upon which much of tourism has been based. It then summarizes the work of progressive economists in developing new models that value capital other than financial. Six of these models are briefly described and applied to tourism.

Some assumptions underlying the neoliberal economic model that need re-examining are the ideas that: self-interest drives ideal economic behavior; success comes from competition, not cooperation; encouraging consumption for its own sake; giving owners priority over other stakeholders; and more income translates into more happiness. Redesign of economic systems requires consideration of social capital, natural capital, intellectual capital, compassion capital, trust capital and spiritual capital to name a few. Examples of alternate systems using these capitals are the collaborative economy, the circular economy, the creative economy, the gift economy, the sacred economy and the regenerative economy.

The paper’s approach is to interlace modern economic thought with the future maturation of tourism and to suggest that tourism policymakers and leaders learn from these thinkers to create a new model for the future of tourism.

A transportation connectivity strategy is a crucial part of an adaptive, congruent and sustainable tourism transportation system and is of concern to countries focusing on growing their tourism economy. This study aims to gain a better understanding of the relationship between transportation connectivity and the tourism economy through a configuration analysis.

This study uses fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis on a sample of 153 cities in China to provide an understanding of the impacts of transportation connectivity strategies, with the co-effecting factors of socio-economic status, tourism resource endowment and hospitality capacity, on the development of regional tourism economies.

There are multiple paths that lead to regional tourism economic development (a high level of tourist arrivals or a high level of tourism revenue). High-speed rail can play a supportive role, while air travel or traditional rail remains central to the tourism economy. Socio-economic status (i.e. city size and city gross domestic product) and hospitality capacity are identified as crucial influencers for the development of the tourism economy.

This study confirms the validity of deploying configuration analysis (based on the equifinality theory) to establish the relationship between transportation and the tourism economy. The finding of more than one configuration led to a new consensus on how multiple factors influence the tourism economy.

Suggestions on transportation connectivity strategies for different regions are provided.

This study demonstrates the need to place greater emphasis on configurations that lead to tourism economy development instead of the effect of a single transportation mode.

摘要

交通连接策略, 作为打造具备适应性、一致性、可持续性的旅游交通系统的重要环节, 被重视旅游经济增长的国家密切关注。组态分析有助于更好地理解交通连接与旅游经济之间的关系。

本研究以中国的153个城市为样本, 使用模糊集定性比较分析方法（fsQCA）, 研究交通连接策略、社会经济水平、旅游资源禀赋、酒店接待能力等协同因素对区域旅游经济发展的影响。

有多种组态可以导致区域旅游经济的发展（表现为高水平的游客人数或高水平的旅游收入）。航空旅行或传统铁路仍然是影响旅游经济发展的核心条件, 而高铁可以发挥支持作用。社会经济水平(即城市规模和城市生产总值)和酒店接待能力被认为是影响旅游经济发展的关键因素。

本研究证实了应用组态分析（基于等效性理论）建立交通连接策略与旅游经济之间关系的有效性。不唯一的多组态的发现会推动关于多种因素如何影响旅游经济的新共识形成。

本研究针对不同地区提出交通连通策略的建议。

本研究表明, 比起考虑单一交通方式产生的影响, 探索旅游经济发展需要更加重视多种交通连接策略的配置。

Abstracto

Una estrategia de conectividad del transporte es una parte crucial de un sistema de transporte turístico adaptable, congruente y sostenible, y es de interés para los países que se centran en el crecimiento de su economía turística. Un análisis de la configuración puede ayudar a comprender mejor la relación entre la conectividad del transporte y la economía del turismo.

Este estudio utiliza el análisis comparativo cualitativo de conjuntos difusos (fsQCA) en una muestra de 153 ciudades de China para proporcionar una comprensión de los impactos de las estrategias de conectividad del transporte, con los factores coadyuvantes de la situación socioeconómica, la dotación de recursos turísticos y la capacidad de hospitalidad, en el desarrollo de las economías turísticas regionales.

Existen múltiples vías que conducen al desarrollo económico del turismo regional (un alto nivel de llegadas de turistas o un alto nivel de ingresos por turismo). El ferrocarril de alta velocidad puede desempeñar un papel de apoyo, mientras que el transporte aéreo o el ferrocarril tradicional siguen siendo fundamentales para la economía turística. El estatus socioeconómico (es decir, el tamaño de la ciudad y el PIB de la ciudad) y la capacidad de hospitalidad se identifican como factores de influencia cruciales para el desarrollo de la economía del turismo.

Este estudio confirma la validez de utilizar el análisis de configuración (basado en la teoría de la equifinalidad) para establecer la relación entre el transporte y la economía del turismo. El hallazgo de más de una configuración condujo a un nuevo consenso sobre cómo influyen los múltiples factores en la economía del turismo.

Se proporciona una tipología de estrategias de conectividad del transporte para diferentes regiones.

Este estudio demuestra la necesidad de poner mayor énfasis en las configuraciones que conducen al desarrollo de la economía turística en lugar del efecto de un único modo de transporte.

This paper aims to examine the relationship between tourism development and income inequality, closely linked to the Sustainable Development Goals, for the case of a large sample of 83 countries (and subsamples) over the period 1990–2019.

This study uses rigorous dynamic panel data analysis, namely, a Panel Vector Autoregressive Error Correction model, which takes into account both dynamic and endogenous relationships in the tourism-inequality nexus.

The results provide strong support that tourism development has an income inequality reducing effect (albeit relatively small with a reported elasticity of 0.05). Subsamples analysis reveals that the impact of tourism on income inequality varies and is relatively larger in developing economies and those tourist-dependent economies, as compared to developed economies. In fact, it is reported that a 1% increase in tourism development reduces income inequality by 0.46% for developing and 0.56% for tourist-dependent economies as compared to only 0.02% in developed economies. It is further observed that tourism may affect income inequality indirectly via economic growth.

This paper attempts to supplement the dearth literature on the tourism-inequality nexus by analyzing subsamples from a large data set while also using a dynamic panel data framework. The potential indirect effect of tourism on inequality via the economic growth channel is also explored.

该研究采用了严格的动态面板数据分析, 即面板向量自回归误差修正模型（PVEM）, 该模型考虑到了旅游业不平等关系中的动态和内生关系。

本文以1990–2019年期间83个国家（及其子样本）的大样本为例, 研究旅游业发展与收入不平等之间的关系。

本研究结果证明, 旅游业发展具有减少收入差距的作用（尽管相对较小, 报告的弹性为0.05）。子样本分析显示, 与发达经济体相比, 旅游业对收入不平等的影响在发展中经济体和那些依赖游客的经济体中存在差异且相对较大。事实上, 据报道, 旅游业发展每增加1%, 发展中经济体的收入差距就会缩小0.46%, 依赖旅游的经济体会缩小0.56%, 而发达经济体的差距仅缩小0.02%。本研究进一步观察到, 旅游业可能通过经济增长间接影响收入差距。

本文试图通过分析大型数据集的子样本, 同时采用动态面板数据框架, 来补充关于旅游与不平等关系的文献的不足。本文还探讨了旅游业通过经济增长渠道对不平等的潜在间接影响。

El estudio emplea un riguroso análisis dinámico de datos de panel, concretamente un modelo de corrección de errores autorregresivo vectorial de panel (PVEM), que tiene en cuenta tanto las relaciones dinámicas como las endógenas en el nexo turismo-desigualdad

Este documento examina la relación entre el desarrollo del turismo y la desigualdad de ingresos, estrechamente vinculada a los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible, para el caso de una amplia muestra de 83 países (y submuestras) durante el periodo 1990-2019.

Los resultados apoyan firmemente que el desarrollo turístico tiene un efecto reductor de la desigualdad de ingresos (aunque relativamente pequeño, con una elasticidad declarada de 0,05). El análisis de submuestras revela que el impacto del turismo en la desigualdad de ingresos varía y es relativamente mayor en las economías en desarrollo y en aquellas economías dependientes del turismo, en comparación con las economías desarrolladas. De hecho, se informa de que un aumento del 1% en el desarrollo del turismo reduce la desigualdad de ingresos en un 0,46% en las economías en desarrollo y en un 0,56% en las economías dependientes del turismo, frente a sólo un 0,02% en las economías desarrolladas. Se observa además que el turismo puede afectar indirectamente a la desigualdad de ingresos a través del crecimiento económico.

El artículo intenta complementar la escasa bibliografía sobre el nexo entre turismo y desigualdad analizando submuestras de un gran conjunto de datos y empleando un marco dinámico de datos de panel. También se explora el posible efecto indirecto del turismo sobre la desigualdad a través del canal del crecimiento económico.

The concept of experience economy states that customers seek experiences whether from products and services. Tourism is at the forefront of the experience economy because tourists are looking for staged experience encompassing the four realms (entertainment, educational, esthetic and escapism). The purpose of this paper is to empirically explore the effects of the experience economy on tourists’ word-of-mouth (WOM) in Chengdu cuisine through satisfaction and memory.

In total, 397 valid data were collected from the tourists who have experienced the ethnic cuisine in Chengdu. A partial least-square structural equation modeling technique was used to examine the research model.

The empirical results indicated that esthetic is the antecedent of the other three realms of experience economy; esthetic, educational and entertainment experiences influence satisfaction; four realms of experience economy influence memory; and satisfaction and memory ultimately influence WOM.

The findings of this study provide practical implications for operators of ethnic restaurants in designing their restaurants and menus, travel agencies in planning the tour itinerary and governments in using ethnic cuisine for destination marketing.

This study is a pioneer in studying the experience economy in the ethnic cuisine. It has identified the relationships between four dimensions of experience economy of ethnic cuisine, tourist satisfaction, memory and WOM toward ethnic cuisine in a tourist destination. It has also integrated the senses of Chinese cuisine (“sight,” “smell” and “taste”) into the measures of esthetic experience for studying experience economy in ethnic cuisine.

The paper aims to analyse the issues and challenges in implementing and adopting the sharing economy concept in tourism. More specifically, the paper intends to identify critical factors for seeking possible pathways for achieving sustainable development of the Indian tourism industry.

This research work has adopted the triangulation approach involving a twofold study concerning the perspectives of both service providers and customers. To cull deeper insight, an inductive content analysis was carried out to identify the critical factors influencing sharing economy in tourism and establish them as key research areas for further study.

The study identified seven critical influencing factors, namely, affordability, consciousness, cultural involvement, status quo biasness, socio-environmental responsiveness, regulatory supervision and technological drivers concerning sharing economy in tourism.

This study will expand the existing literature by exploring the critical factors relevant to the practice of sharing economy in the tourism industry. It will aid both marketers and policymakers to bridge the gap between what sharing economy concept demands, what consumers perceive and how service providers practise in reality. The present study limits its scope to qualitative analysis and geographical boundary within India. Further research with empirical study may be extended in future, with the research agendas presented in this paper.

The novelty of the study lies in the identification of both intrinsic and extrinsic factors affecting the implementation of sharing economy in tourism. To delve deeper into the ground reality, this qualitative study corroborates the perspectives of both the demand and supply side, which is a unique effort by itself.