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Traditionally, the differences between men and women have been used as excuses to exclude females from certain jobs. Occupational segregation is the term that has been used to describe the heavy concentrations of men and women into different jobs. For example, occupational segregation supposedly explains why men dominate managerial positions while women are often consigned to other occupations with lower pay, status, and responsibility. Specifically, Fierman (1990) reported that only nineteen of more than four thousand people (less than half of one per cent) listed as the highest paid officers and directors of the largest eight hundred public U.S. companies were women.