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Infrastructure finance.

II MBA/Executive MBA (Project Finance, Infrastructure Finance).

It is generally believed that the economy of India is on the threshold of achieving significant growth in the coming years. The availability of adequate infrastructure facility will play a key role in realizing this growth potential. To accelerate the process of creating infrastructure capacity, the Government of India has opened up many infrastructure sectors for private sector investment. Creation of international standard airport facilities is an important component of such new infrastructure creation. This case study presents the initial development and financing closure of Bengaluru International Airport Limited (BIAL), the first major private sector airport in India. In retrospect, it is generally felt that BIAL was an important milestone in the privatization of airports in India. The blueprint for the greenfield PPP airport in Hyderabad was closely modelled on the BIAL project. The experience gained in the development of BIAL also played a major role in subsequent brownfield PPP airport expansion projects in Mumbai and Delhi.

The goal of this case study is to illustrate the complexities that exist in the process of infrastructure development and financing. This following are the expected learning outcomes:

• The importance of using an appropriate project structure.

• The prevalence of early returns to project sponsors as compared to lenders.

• The process of achieving financial closure.

• Analyzing project risks and returns.

The importance of using an appropriate project structure.

The prevalence of early returns to project sponsors as compared to lenders.

The process of achieving financial closure.

Analyzing project risks and returns.

Teaching notes.

Venture capital and private equity.

This case is suitable for II MBA/Executive MBA (venture capital and private equity/entrepreneurship/business models/managing family business) courses.

Soliton is a technology and software services company with operations in India and the USA providing machine vision products and virtual instrumentation services. Soliton was started by Ganesh Devaraj in 1998 after his return from the United States after higher studies. Ganesh hails from a business family in Coimbatore that had interests in the textile spinning sector. The family had been in the textile business since the early 1940s and had revenues of Rs 400 million and employed about 700 people. Ganesh, not wanting to continue in the traditional family business, ventured into the technology sector using his academic and professional experience. His family was supportive of his venture and funded his company for the first two years of operation and for scaling up operations. Ganesh is now evaluating various sources of raising additional capital at a time when there was general slowdown in the automobile sector as a result of the global financial crisis.

The goal of this case study is to illustrate the complexities that exist in financing growth of companies in uncertain times. This following are the expected learning outcomes: discuss and understand the nuances between different sources of early stage funding: personal wealth, family, and angels; compare and contrast the differences between family funding and venture funding; and highlight the benefits and limitations of family funding.

Teaching notes are available.

The use of public–private partnership (PPP) approaches for developing infrastructure has been well recognized. The allocation of risk between public authority and private sector differs among the different types of PPP projects. The objective of the paper is to analyze the factors that influence the type of PPP and the performance of different types of PPP contracts.

A unique data set of 202 national highway PPP projects from India, comprising 154 toll and 48 annuity projects formed the basis of the study.

There are significant differences between toll and annuity PPP projects. The former are longer, are implemented in better developed states but are also characterized by higher cost over-runs. The latter are characterized by higher debt–equity ratio.

Mitigating revenue risk can significantly enhance the debt capacity of the projects, thereby reducing the overall cost of capital. To make toll roads attractive for bidders, they have to be developed as longer stretches. Toll projects that are immediately ready for development at the time of award would reduce cost overruns of toll projects and sustain the interest of private developers.

Comparison of toll and annuity PPP road projects has never been done previously. The unique data set used in this study highlights the differences in characterization and performance for both the project types. The study provides evidence support to “intuition” and enables policymakers to choose the right form of PPP to realize their objectives.

The purpose of this paper is to understand the risk‐return profile of merchant power plants (MPPs) as compared to power plants with off‐take agreements in the Indian context.

Information from the literature was analyzed to identify major risks associated with MPPs. Literature pertaining to risk analysis of capital investments and simulation technique to analyze risks was studied. Financial models for a power plant with off‐take agreements and that for an MPP were developed and risks have been analyzed by incorporating uncertainties. The risk analysis was performed with the application of stochastic simulations using the Monte Carlo technique.

The results indicate that risk‐return profile differs significantly for a MPP as compared to a power plant with off‐take agreements. The model indicates that equity internal rate of return (IRR) for MPP ranges between 49.33 and 0.43 per cent with mean IRR values ranging between 28.86 and 13.53 per cent for different scenarios. The mean equity IRR for a comparative power plant with off‐take agreements is 14.83 per cent.

The project financial models are developed using typical values for the Indian context. The robustness of the results can be improved by considering project‐specific variables in the financial model. Owing to limited availability of past data, power price fluctuation scenarios have been generated based on expert opinion. When additional data on power price become available, these could be incorporated in the simulation analysis.

MPP is a new concept for India. There is very little research in this area. This paper makes an attempt to understand the financial risk and return from MPPs in more detail.

Public‐private partnerships (PPPs) are being frequently used today to private sector investment in road projects. Most of the road PPP projects are either for new roads or for those that involve significant expansion of existing capacity. There are limited instances of PPPs for renovating and maintenance of existing roads. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the applicability of using PPPs for road renovation and maintenance projects.

This paper uses a case‐study approach since it is an appropriate strategy to investigate a phenomenon within its real life context. The East Coast Road project was chosen for the study because it was the first project in India to use PPP for road renovation and maintenance, and being the first project of its kind, the case was of general public interest.

The paper indicates that risk levels in Rehabilitate, Improve, Maintain, Operate and Transfer (RIMOT) projects are lower than Greenfield BOT projects. Even in areas like renovation and maintenance, PPP structures can bring many advantages over traditional procurement.

This paper has the limitations attributable to single case studies. There is a need to extend this paper to include more such case studies to evaluate their relevance for infrastructure development, particularly in emerging countries.

PPP structures can be useful for renovating and maintaining the existing roads. Modalities such as the RIMOT framework can have greater potential than the conventional BOT structures. Private investments in infrastructure can also be through a corporate finance structure.

This paper describes and analyzes the experience of India's first PPP for renovation and maintenance. The findings of this paper would have value for policy makers who are interested in attracting private sector finance and expertise in infrastructure and more specifically in roads.