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When looking at the possible ways of performing quality assurance or evaluation of materials in a non‐destructive manner, thermography rates as one of the key techniques available. This is because it offers several advantages, namely:

Although most people are now familiar with TV receivers through everyday contact, the TV camera is very much less understood. This article describes a joint venture project between the Corporation and a company which designs special‐purpose TV cameras. Some of these cameras operate at low light levels and others operate in the infrared region of the spectrum to image the thermal radiation from objects. Such cameras are proving useful in a wide variety of surveillance and inspection applications, both in industry and for general security work.

The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of smart agriculture systems and monitor and identify the technologies which can be used for deriving traditional agriculture system to modern agriculture system. It also provides the reader a broad area to work for the advancement in the field of agriculture and also explains the use of advanced technologies such as spectral imaging, robotics and artificial intelligence (AI) in the field of agriculture.

Smart uses of modern technologies were reviewed in the field of agriculture, which helps to monitor stress levels of plants and perform operations according to requirements. Operations can be irrigation, pests spray, monitoring crops, monitoring yield production, etc. Based on the literature review, a smart agriculture system is suggested. The parameters studied were spectral image processing, AI, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAVs) (fixed and rotatory), water or soil moisture, nutrients and pesticides.

The use of autonomous vehicles and AI techniques has been suggested through which the agriculture system becomes much more efficient. The world will switch to the smart agriculture system in the upcoming era completely. The authors conclude that autonomous vehicle in the field of science is time-saving and health efficient for both plants and workers in the fields. The suggested system increases the productivity of crops and saves the assets as well.

This review paper discusses the various contemporary technologies used in the field of agriculture and it will help future researchers to build on this research. This paper reveals that the UAVs along with multispectral, hyperspectral or red, green and blue camera (depends on the need) and AI are more suitable for the advancement of agriculture and increasing yield rate.

Gives a bibliographical review of the finite element methods (FEMs) applied in biomedicine from the theoretical as well as practical points of view. The bibliography at the end of the paper contains 748 references to papers, conference proceedings and theses/dissertations dealing with the finite element analyses and simulations in biomedicine that were published between 1985 and 1999.

A low cost two dimensional pyroelectric array technology has been developed, together with advanced signal processing algorithms. This enables the availability of intelligent passive infrared detector systems for surveillance, counting, and related applications. The technology has also made possible for the first time a truly affordable low‐resolution thermal imager for condition monitoring, plant maintenance, and process control.

The purpose of this paper is to present a fast and contactless measurement method to determine the spatial conductivity distribution within an intrinsically conducting polymer, more precisely a conductive rubber sheet specimen. As a consequence of the manufacturing process and the material composition, the conductivity distribution within the sheet is assumed to be inhomogeneous.

The current density distribution within the conductive rubber sheet due to an excitation current is estimated from the measured magnetic field distribution. Therefore, a GMR sensor is used to spatially sample the magnetic field above the specimen. Based on the estimated current density distribution and alternatively the local power dissipation calculated from a thermal image, the conductivity distribution within the specimen is determined. For comparison a reference measurement with a classical resistivity probe is done.

The measurement results show a good agreement between the developed and the classical method. Moreover, the developed measurement method requires less time and still offers a higher spatial resolution.

The presented results demonstrate the potential of the developed measurement method for determining the conductivity distribution within thin and planar specimens. Furthermore, conclusions can be drawn about the material homogeneity of the used test specimen.

To show the wide range of applications of infrared imaging being used in industry.

Explains the recent cost reduction of infrared cameras, and reviews applications in product testing and quality control, process monitoring, structural inspection and fatigue limit measurement. Briefly reviews the capabilities of some off‐the‐shelf cameras.

That infrared imaging is a very powerful technique, bringing a whole new dimension of temperature detection to machine vision.

Highlights infrared imaging as a practicable and very valuable tool in industrial inspection.

Thermal phenomena that occur in operating integrated circuits can disturb their functioning and even cause failures. In order to prevent such dramatic issues, it is necessary to study these phenomena by developing high‐resolution thermal mapping of electronic devices. This can be done by using the thermoreflectance technique. The principle of thermoreflectance measurements is reviewed and various experimental setups are described. Experimental results show that this technique allows the mapping of both low and high frequency thermal phenomena at submicron scales.