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The object of this research is the reconstruction of the existing legal response by European Union states to the phenomenon of immigration. It seeks to analyse the process of conferral of protection.

One main dimension is selected and discussed: the case law of the national courts. The study focuses on the legal status of immigrants resulting from the intervention of these national courts.

The research shows that although the courts have conferred an increasing protection on immigrants, this has not challenged the fundamental principle of the sovereignty of the states to decide, according to their discretionary prerogatives, which immigrants are allowed to enter and stay in their territories. Notwithstanding the differences in the general constitutional and legal structures, the research also shows that the courts of the three countries considered – France, Germany and Spain – have progressively moved towards converging solutions in protecting immigrants.

The research contributes to a better understanding of the different legal orders analysed.

This research paper explores the roles of electronic texts in research projects in the humanities and seeks to deepen the understanding of the nature of scholars' engagement with e-texts. The study used qualitative methodology to explore engagement of scholars in literary and historical studies with primary materials in electronic form (i.e., e-texts). The study revealed a range of scholars' interactions with e-texts during the whole research process. It uncovered a particular pattern of information-seeking practices in electronic environments called netchaining and the main types of uses and contributions of e-texts to research projects. It was found that e-texts play support and substantive roles in the research process. A number of influences from electronic environment are identified as challenges and aids in working with e-texts. The study does not have statistical significance. It indicates a need for further research into scholarly practices, training requirements, and new forms of service provision. Study results are relevant for the development of digital collections, information services, educational programs, and other forms of support for the use of technology in research. The results can be also used to inform approaches to text encoding and development of electronic information systems and have implications for organizational and industry policies. The study found a range of scholars' interactions and forms of intellectual engagement with e-texts that were not documented and analyzed by earlier studies. It provides insights into disciplinary variations in the humanities and contributes to the understanding of scholarly change catalyzed by information technology.

The purpose of writing this paper is to present a comparative but critical assessment of the applicability of the precautionary principle (PP) under the SPS Agreement, which is a part of the WTO regime by implication, and under the Cartagena Protocol, which has been made under the Convention on Biological Diversity.

The paper presents an analytical exposition of both the sets of laws, trade law and environmental law. The methodology adopted is library based. The approach is to bring about an amicable co-existence of both the laws so that they could serve the dual purpose, i.e. promotion of trade and protection of “human, animal and plant life and health” and conservation of the environment.

The DSB of the WTO should give due importance to the PP and should apply it liberally, keeping also in view the environmental aspects, so that along with free trade human, animal and plant health and life, and conservation of the environment are also protected.

It will change the present paradigm and will bring both the sets of laws together.

It focuses on the life and heath of poor people around the world. It, thus, pleads for application of strong PP.

Starting from the status quo, the paper outlines perspectives and challenges for the connection and interlinking of digitised and digital archival data. The following topics are addressed: Where are fields of action and what are the means of archives? Which functional and technical requirements are to be considered, and what is the role of portal infrastructures linking together various different institutions?

Considering needs of users and general framework conditions, the paper examines new approaches emerging in Germany. It outlines recent projects and considerations aiming to improve services and visibility of archives within the national data infrastructure in Germany.

Cross-connections are no new phenomenon, but change their appearance significantly in a digital context. In this respect, both smaller and bigger archives profit from participation in larger digital networks. Furthermore, archives need to keep in mind to reflect the quality of their digital (meta)data regularly and to offer or join systems that functionally and technically support cross-connection and interlinking of data.

The paper endeavours to show the importance of digital cross-connections and the role of portal infrastructures for visibility, online-distribution and use of digital archival metadata and data.

The ideal aim of library service is to be able to give each user just those books he needs at the very moment he needs them. With many special libraries, the service goes beyond books: the aim is to provide actual items of information in the same manner. The intention of this paper is to consider how to choose, use and fit the staff of a small library to do these jobs.

E‐books are a relatively recent addition to the online electronic resources market, and commentators are still debating their efficacy. Access to e‐books continues to develop, with numerous platforms available, and lack of standardisation an ongoing problem. However, there are potential advantages to e‐books, including easier access, speed of publication, space‐saving, and lower costs. Many university libraries are beginning to have e‐books in their collections. A research project being undertaken at Liverpool John Moores University is investigating the provision of e‐books in 127 academic libraries in the UK. Many academic libraries are providing access to e‐book resources that are free‐of‐charge, and those libraries offering e‐book subscriptions are using the World Wide Web for their platform. There are similar issues in the take‐up of e‐books to those regarding the take‐up of other electronic resources, such as e‐journals. These include changes in professional and management skills, such as collection development, marketing and evaluation, user education, technological skills and communication skills.

The Greek regime on money laundering tends to be unknown to most foreign experts. This is partly due to the language barrier and partly due to the admittedly minimal bibliography on the regulation of money laundering both within the country and outside it. The limited bibliography is emphasised by a total lack of recorded criminal cases for money laundering brought before the Greek courts. The aim of this article is to present and examine Greek legislation and policy on money laundering. The necessity for a dedicated legislative text, hotly disputed by some legal experts in Greece, and the two Greek attempts at compliance with the EU Money Laundering Directive will be examined, as will the political parameters of this issue. Their repercussions on the enforcement of money laundering legislation will be assessed.

The purpose of this paper is to propose a new approach for organizing texts for researchers based on projection from researcher space (consisting of reasoning ability and research ability) onto text space (consisting of text features).

The projection from researcher space onto text space is performed on the grounds of the differences between the sets of essential text features which are consistent, respectively, for the reasoning ability (as researcher's existing ability) and the research ability (as researcher's desired ability) using the concept of a dependency graph.

Through the projection from researcher space onto text space, one can expect to find an effective text which can help a person with certain reasoning ability acquire a certain research ability in the related domain.

Acquisition of reasoning ability (ies) may call for a comprehensive questionnaire or test protocol whose validation by the expert may not necessarily be convenient. Appropriate questionnaires/test protocols, as well as knowledge‐based models for the text features at different layers (to assure derivation of more reliable features), is suggested as future work.

A salient benefit of the proposed approach is its flexibility in responding to a wide range of users with different models. It thus can be used as an efficient tool for online e‐learning and e‐research purposes in cyber‐learning environment.

The originality of the paper mostly lies in the concept of projection from researcher space onto text space as an approach for provision of appropriate text features; and the application of dependency graph as a potential means for identifying those text features whose prerequisites exist in the research abilities of the researcher.

New technology continues to have a powerful influence on information provision. The use of mainframe computers for information processing, and online access to them via telecommunications, are well established. Magnetic information stores are being supplemented by video disks. Electronic document delivery is being explored. Microcomputers (either stand‐alone or front‐end) are playing a larger role. New forms of telecommunication link are speeding message transmission.

In this chapter, we discuss initiatives that aim to improve children’s literacy in low- and middle-income (LMI) countries through m-learning. These projects, predominantly introduced by governments and international aid organisations, often involve the provision of e-books and apps including game-based apps, to be used either inside or outside school. In some cases, lesson plans and content for teachers in poorly resourced schools are also delivered via mobile devices. After a general overview, we briefly describe a selection of projects with reference to m-learning and literacy theory and research. It is indicated in this chapter that the use of mobile devices to improve literacy opportunities for children in LMI countries has a great deal of potential but that, in many cases, there are limitations in pedagogical design and implementation practices, not to mention restricted views of what literacy is and might be for children in these locations.