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Article
Publication date: 14 May 2018

I am ugly, but I am tender: the dominance of moral character and warmth

Joseph W. Chang

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the dominance of athlete endorser characteristics (i.e. moral character vs warmth) on athlete endorser perception and the…

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Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the dominance of athlete endorser characteristics (i.e. moral character vs warmth) on athlete endorser perception and the influence of tarnished athlete endorsers (i.e. immoral character vs coldness) on brand evaluations from the perspectives of perceiver characteristics, including dispositional tendency, innate moral intuitions, and self-location (SL).

Design/methodology/approach

This research consists of three experimental studies with 135, 72, and 91 participants, respectively. Study 1 compared the dominance of moral character and warmth on athlete endorser perception. Study 2 examined the impact of perceiver characteristics on the cause-and-effect relationship between tarnished athlete endorsers (i.e. immoral character vs coldness) and brand evaluations. Study 3 investigated the cross-cultural generalizability of the US-based research findings in Study 2 for Indians.

Findings

Moral character is more influential than warmth on athlete endorser evaluations. Tarnished athlete endorsers with immoral character exert more negative influence than tarnished athlete endorsers with coldness characteristic on brand evaluations. Except for dispositional tendency, innate moral intuitions and SL moderate brand evaluations. Endorser and perceiver characteristics yield asymmetric patterns of influence on Americans’ and Indians’ brand evaluations.

Research limitations/implications

Future research is needed to verify the causal effects of thinking styles on the relationship between tarnished athlete endorsers and brand evaluations.

Practical implications

The determination of endorsement continuity has to jointly consider the characteristics of endorsers, perceivers, and cultures.

Originality/value

This research contributes to the endorsement research by advancing the research scopes of athlete endorser, perceiver, and culture characteristics.

Details

Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal, vol. 8 no. 2
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/SBM-12-2016-0078
ISSN: 2042-678X

Keywords

  • Dispositional tendency
  • Holistic tendency
  • Innate moral intuitions
  • Moral character
  • Self-location
  • Tarnished endorser

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Article
Publication date: 6 August 2018

What did Ryan Lochte do? The double-edged sword of endorsers behaving badly

Jessica Vredenburg and Marilyn Giroux

Endorsement deals are a key contributing factor for companies to gain brand recognition and positive brand associations from consumers. However, endorsement relationships…

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Abstract

Purpose

Endorsement deals are a key contributing factor for companies to gain brand recognition and positive brand associations from consumers. However, endorsement relationships can be risky for firms in the event of an endorser’s bad behavior or involvement in scandals. The purpose of this paper is to examine how brands can use endorsement exit strategies to minimize and even benefit from negative situations involving its endorser.

Design/methodology/approach

After a review of celebrity endorsement literature, the paper investigates the Rio Olympic Games robbery scandal involving American swimmer Ryan Lochte as a detailed case. By studying the timeline of sponsor-related activities, relevant theories and brand outcomes through Google Trends, indications of a calculated and strategic exit from the endorsement relationship emerge.

Findings

The case analysis establishes that sponsors can successfully leverage the negative associations toward a disgraced endorser. Based on the process of meaning transfer, this case proposes that sponsors can benefit from its public dissociation from the endorser and gain awareness from this separation.

Originality/value

This paper is the first study to examine the positive impact of a celebrity endorsement scandal. It highlights the need for managers to actively prepare endorsement exit strategies in the event of negative associations or endorser actions. The timing and scope of the exit strategy can both limit negative meaning transfer, and leverage the situation creating positive perceptions of integrity and ethics for the sponsor.

Details

International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, vol. 19 no. 3
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSMS-02-2017-0012
ISSN: 1464-6668

Keywords

  • Marketing strategy
  • Sports marketing
  • Brands
  • Sponsor
  • Endorser
  • Meaning transfer model

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Article
Publication date: 1 January 2007

Heroes in sport: assessing celebrity endorser effectiveness

Joshua Shuart

The use of celebrities, and particularly athletes, to influence consumers and sell products is not a new practice, but one that is gaining considerable steam in the sports…

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Abstract

The use of celebrities, and particularly athletes, to influence consumers and sell products is not a new practice, but one that is gaining considerable steam in the sports marketplace. However, many academics and practitioners have long questioned the means by which celebrity endorsement is measured and evaluated. Through the use of validated surveys among US students and the inauguration of the Celebrity-Hero Matrix (CHM), some of their questions are answered. Being labelled a 'heroic' athlete does, it seems, have tremendous power for marketers, and provides endorsement clout for the athlete.

Details

International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, vol. 8 no. 2
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSMS-08-02-2007-B004
ISSN: 1464-6668

Keywords

  • Athlete
  • Celebrity
  • Endorsement
  • Hero
  • Matrix

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Article
Publication date: 10 April 2017

A multi-stakeholder IMC framework for networked brand identity

Davide C. Orazi, Amanda Spry, Max N. Theilacker and Jessica Vredenburg

Past integrated marketing communications (IMC) frameworks have established brand contacts as important sources of information and feedback. This paper aims to discuss how…

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Abstract

Purpose

Past integrated marketing communications (IMC) frameworks have established brand contacts as important sources of information and feedback. This paper aims to discuss how the presence of multiple brand stakeholders and the proliferation of digital media increase the amount of brand information generated exponentially. When a firm fails to harness this information, it risks misalignment between brand identity and brand image, which, in turn, tarnishes brand-equity.

Design/methodology/approach

Past IMC frameworks are reviewed and extended to identify specific brand contact points between multiple stakeholders that hold significant potential to dynamically reconfigure brand identity. Theoretical propositions regarding the IMC function’s role in managing these contact points to generate brand-equity are offered.

Findings

The brand contacts described and their successful integration into a firm’s brand-equity strategy extend current IMC-based brand-equity models and suggest fruitful, novel avenues for creating brand-equity. Further, these brand contacts offer practical examples of how the scope of marketing communications can be redefined.

Originality/value

This paper contributes to the body of research on the elevation of IMC to a strategic level function. In addition to the synergistic communication of the brand offering, IMC needs to play a pivotal role in coordinating the contacts between the brand and stakeholders, and in extrapolating relevant brand insights from these contacts.

Details

European Journal of Marketing, vol. 51 no. 3
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/EJM-08-2015-0612
ISSN: 0309-0566

Keywords

  • Brand-equity
  • Brand image
  • Stakeholder theory
  • Integrated marketing communications
  • Brand identity
  • Contact points

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Article
Publication date: 21 August 2017

The contribution of a brand spokesperson’s voice to consumer-based brand equity

Alice Zoghaib

This paper aims to explore the characteristics of a brand spokesperson’s voice that are the most valuable for consumer-based brand equity (CBBE) and evaluates various…

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Abstract

Purpose

This paper aims to explore the characteristics of a brand spokesperson’s voice that are the most valuable for consumer-based brand equity (CBBE) and evaluates various explanations in previous research regarding the influences of a speaker’s voice.

Design/methodology/approach

Brand identities can transfer their associations and affect as well as influence brand recall, thus contributing to CBBE. In addition, the pitch and gender of a speaker’s voice are considered as key characteristics of voice perception. This experimental study exposed 521 respondents to 12 different voices and measured the effects of a spokesperson’s voice pitch and gender on associations, attitude toward the voice and brand recall.

Findings

This study presents a model that explains the influence of a brand spokesperson’s voice on CBBE. The findings show that low-pitched voices induced distinctive, positive associations and led to a more positive attitude toward the voice and greater brand recall, regardless of the gender of the spokesperson and that of the respondent. Moreover, voice associations partially mediated the effects on attitude toward the voice and completely mediated the effects on brand recall.

Originality/value

While numerous brands have resorted to specific voices to represent themselves, brand spokesperson’s voice and its associations have not been studied. This study highlights the importance of a spokesperson’s voice pitch and its associations in building CBBE and nuances the roles of spokespersons’ and respondents’ gender.

Details

Journal of Product & Brand Management, vol. 26 no. 5
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JPBM-06-2016-1230
ISSN: 1061-0421

Keywords

  • Advertising
  • Brand awareness
  • Brand identity
  • Brand communication
  • Consumer brand equity
  • Gender studies
  • Audio branding
  • Pitch
  • Sensory marketing
  • Spokesperson’s voice

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Article
Publication date: 1 October 1998

Using celebrity endorsers effectively: lessons from associative learning

Brian D. Till

The use of celebrity endorsers in advertising is wide‐spread – as much as 20 percent of all advertising use some type of celebrity endorser. Marketers invest significant…

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Abstract

The use of celebrity endorsers in advertising is wide‐spread – as much as 20 percent of all advertising use some type of celebrity endorser. Marketers invest significant dollars in securing the promotional support of well‐known individuals. Associative learning principles are presented as a useful framework for understanding how celebrity endorsers can be used more effectively. Principles such as repetition, overshadowing, blocking, belongingness, CS pre‐exposure, association set size, and extinction are introduced and linked to specific managerial suggestions for improving the use of celebrity endorsers.

Details

Journal of Product & Brand Management, vol. 7 no. 5
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/10610429810237718
ISSN: 1061-0421

Keywords

  • Advertising
  • Brand equity
  • Celebrities
  • Marketing strategy
  • Product management

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Article
Publication date: 1 April 2013

Measuring the impact of celebrity endorsement on consumer behavioural intentions: a study of Malaysian consumers

Khong Kok Wei and Wu, You Li

This paper examines the impact of celebrity endorsement on Malaysian consumers' behavioural intentions. Source attractiveness, source credibility and the fit between the…

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Abstract

This paper examines the impact of celebrity endorsement on Malaysian consumers' behavioural intentions. Source attractiveness, source credibility and the fit between the endorser and the endorsed product are discussed and examined. An empirical study is carried out which uses stimulus materials that involve a sport shoe brand and a fitness centre. The dataset is analysed using a series of multivariate analyses and a model subsequently constructed using structural equation modelling. The findings indicated that source attractiveness and credibility are essential for celebrity endorsement effectiveness. However, the fit between the endorser and the product is not found to be significant. Nonetheless, this fit has an indirect effect on consumers' behavioural intentions, via the shared variances with source attractiveness and credibility.

Details

International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, vol. 14 no. 3
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSMS-14-03-2013-B002
ISSN: 1464-6668

Keywords

  • celebrity endorsement
  • behavioural intention
  • structural equation modelling
  • David Beckham
  • Jackie Chan
  • Malaysia

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Article
Publication date: 27 March 2009

The effects of negative information transference in the celebrity endorsement relationship

Darin W. White, Lucretia Goddard and Nick Wilbur

The purpose of this paper is to test empirically the impact of negative information about a celebrity spokesperson on consumers' perceptions of the endorsed brand. In…

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Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to test empirically the impact of negative information about a celebrity spokesperson on consumers' perceptions of the endorsed brand. In addition, it is the first study to examine the reverse relationship: the impact of negative information about the brand on the celebrity endorser.

Design/methodology/approach

A two‐group, post‐test‐only, randomized experimental design was utilized to test the hypotheses. Data were collected by a survey of 247 college students.

Findings

The results of an experiment indicate that when respondents are exposed to negative information about a celebrity endorser, a negative transference of affect in the endorsement relationship will occur. However, when the situation is reversed and the respondents are exposed to negative information about the brand, the transference of affect is mitigated.

Research limitations/implications

The present study provides a starting‐point for further research on negative information transference in the celebrity endorsement relationship.

Practical implications

It is crucial that retailers be aware of the risks associated with using celebrities to endorse their stores and products. Given that these results provide tentative support for the commonly held belief that a decline in the celebrity's image can impact the image of the brand, it is important that retailers carefully choose an endorser who currently has a good image and will likely be able to uphold this image in the future.

Originality/value

The paper introduces and empirically examines one explanation of how negative information may impact the celebrity advertising process.

Details

International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, vol. 37 no. 4
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/09590550910948556
ISSN: 0959-0552

Keywords

  • Celebrities
  • Product endorsement
  • Information transfer

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Article
Publication date: 27 March 2009

Sports celebrity endorsements in retail products advertising

Karen E. Lear, Rodney C. Runyan and William H. Whitaker

The purpose of this paper is to extend previous research into sport celebrity endorsements by investigating such endorsements of products ultimately sold by retailers…

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Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to extend previous research into sport celebrity endorsements by investigating such endorsements of products ultimately sold by retailers. This is done by updating previous research involving print media in sporting magazines.

Design/methodology/approach

A content analysis approach is used, examining advertisements in randomly selected issues of sports illustrated from the most recent full six years of publication.

Findings

Changes in the frequency of advertisements using sports celebrities were found compared to previous studies. Additionally, it appears that products which are ultimately sold by retailers are endorsed more frequently by celebrities in certain sports than others.

Originality/value

By including in the investigation the topics of sport played and consumer products, the paper extends the current literature to explore the advertisers' use of athlete endorsers with products directly and indirectly impacting retailers.

Details

International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, vol. 37 no. 4
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/09590550910948547
ISSN: 0959-0552

Keywords

  • Advertisements
  • Athletics
  • Celebrities
  • Product endorsement
  • Retail marketing

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Article
Publication date: 8 July 2019

Consumer response to negative celebrity publicity: the effects of moral reasoning strategies and fan identification

Sai Wang and Ki Joon Kim

In the context of celebrity endorsement, this study aims to demonstrate that the ways in which consumers adopt moral reasoning strategies (i.e. rationalization, decoupling…

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Abstract

Purpose

In the context of celebrity endorsement, this study aims to demonstrate that the ways in which consumers adopt moral reasoning strategies (i.e. rationalization, decoupling and coupling) are largely dependent on the severity (i.e. high vs low) of celebrity transgressions and the degree to which they personally identify with the celebrity.

Design/methodology/approach

A between-subjects online experiment (N = 144) with two conditions, representing high- and low-severity celebrity transgressions, was conducted. Participants’ attitudes toward the celebrity and endorsed brand, their purchase intention for the endorsed product and the degrees to which they identified with the celebrity and adopted the three types of moral reasoning strategies were assessed.

Findings

The rationalization and decoupling strategies mediate the effects of highly negative information about a celebrity on consumer attitudes toward the celebrity and endorsed brand as well as on purchase intention for the endorsed product. In addition, consumers who identify strongly as fans of the celebrity in question are more likely to activate rationalization and decoupling strategies to process and evaluate transgressive behaviors than those with weaker fan identification.

Originality/value

By exploring the ways in which moral reasoning and fan identification work in processing negative information, this study provides insights into the psychological process through which negative news coverage of a celebrity endorser influences consumer attitudes and purchase intention.

Details

Journal of Product & Brand Management, vol. 29 no. 1
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JPBM-10-2018-2064
ISSN: 1061-0421

Keywords

  • Moral reasoning
  • Purchase intention
  • Brand attitude
  • Celebrity endorsement
  • Fan identification
  • Celebrity transgression

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