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The key to rationalisation of the assembly process is not to be found in the area of production preparation, but in the area of design. The principles of design for assembly are described in detail.

This study aims to present the impact of using leaded avgas in piston-prop aircraft, in Turkey.

Increasing air traffic directly increases the total amount of consumed aviation fuels (kerosene or avgas). The number of aircraft and traffic that will increase soon will further increase fuel consumption. For this reason, aircraft power generation methods (long term) must be changed or the fuel must be improved (short term). The avgas used in piston-prop aircraft is known to contain lead and as a result, the production or consumption of avgas has adverse effects on human health, the ecosystem quality and resources.

The overall human health impact, ecosystem quality impact and resource impact in Turkey were determined to be 2.83 disability-adjusted life years, 1.21 × 10⁻⁰⁴ species.yr and $138, respectively. According to the results, although the normalized total effect of Turkey was calculated as 208.18 nkg, 43.89% of the total was observed in the Marmara region.

The originality is the use of real-time values for all calculations. For the purpose of showing the most impacted or damaged regions in Turkey via a life cycle analysis, a new definition, the normalized total effect in nkg, is defined in this study.

The public activity of controlling land use is exerted through the planning process. The purpose of this paper is to examine how housing developers perceive different aspects of the planning process, and if these perceptions might act as a constraint for the development of new housing projects.

A survey, based on a questionnaire, has been conducted with housing development companies having at least one project initiated during the period 2001‐2004 and with municipal housing companies with responsibility for providing affordable rental housing. The study focused on the assertions contained in the questionnaire, which were measured statistically with a t‐test, to establish if the respondents agreed with the stated assertions. Additional information was achieved from factual and open questions to the respondents of the survey.

The study shows that the housing developers do perceive the planning process as a factor of uncertainty in the development of new housing projects. Responsibility for making the planning process less uncertain lies both with planning officials and housing developers. However, housing developers cannot directly affect how the planning process is organised and controlled. Thus, housing developers need to decrease the uncertainty by performing stakeholder and risk analysis before acquisition of land.

The study has found that there is evidence of reasonable concern on the part of housing development companies that should be taken seriously by planning authorities. The findings imply that greater transparency in the process would go hand‐in‐hand with a more consistent approach and thus more certain outcomes.

Creates a framework for evaluating the marketing strategy dimensions of remanufacturing. Discusses resource recapture and how diffusion theory may be applied to the adoption of the remanufacturing/remarketing concept. Concludes that the diffusion of renovation will depend on the right firms having the right motivations to adopt the concept of remanufacturing/remarketing.

The method of dealing with the proposed additions varies in different libraries. In the Battersea Library, the librarian makes an author‐entry on a cataloguing slip for each book he proposes, with name of publisher, price, and, if necessary, a note as to the review of the work, and its suitability for addition to the library. Before each committee meeting these are arranged in alphabetical order, and at the committee the librarian calls them over and marks on each the decision arrived at. Afterwards the slips can be sorted into “rejected,” “postponed,” and “ordered,” and dealt with accordingly. The “ordered” slips can again be sorted into two lots, one for books to be purchased new, and the other for those whose purchase is deferred until they can be met with second‐hand. When the books are received from the vendors, the number of copies, and the branch libraries to which they are allocated, are marked upon the slips. By this means a rough record is kept of the additions to the library, which is of great use to the librarian.

Construct a new sub-grid scale (SGS) model which can improve the efficiency and maintain comparative accuracy comparing to the existing dynamic cubic non-linear SGS model (DCNM).

The polynomial constitutive relation between the SGS stress tensor and both strain and rotation rate is selected as a basement. Simplification is achieved by eliminating the solid-body rotation term and adopting the assumption proposed by Kosovic. A dynamic procedure is applied to calculate three model coefficients in the new model. The new model (named dynamic simplified Lund model) and DCNM are applied to the rotating channel flow and the internal flow in a centrifugal pump impeller to examine the performance.

The new model is as accurate as DCNM but decreases 25 per cent computational resources. The ability of capturing rotation effect and reflecting backscatter is verified through cases. In addition, good numerical stability is shown during the calculation.

More benchmark and engineering cases should be used to get further confidence on the new model.

The new model is promising in industrial application with the advantage of both accuracy and efficiency. For the flow with large-scale separation or more complicate phenomenon, the model is thought to give accurate flow structure.

A new non-linear SGS model is proposed in this paper. The accuracy, numerical stability and efficiency are validated for this model. Therefore, it is promising in the prediction of the flow structure in centrifugal pumps.

This article surveys the literature dealing with theory and applications of life cycle costing (LCC). It deals with the literature published in the last 25 years and provides 667 references.

For smooth running of business affairs, there needs to be a coordination among manufacturer, collector and retailer in forward and reverse supply chain. This paper handles the problem of making pricing, collecting and percentage sharing decisions in a closed-loop supply chain. The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of responsibility sharing percentage on the profits of a manufacturer, a retailer and a collector. The paper further aims to understand the mutual interactions among decision variables and profit functions. It also determines the optimal selling price, optimal time, wholesale price, sharing percentage and optimal return rate in such a manner that the profit function is maximized.

The authors presented a three-echelon model consisting of a manufacturer, a retailer and a collector in the closed-loop supply chain and optimized the profits of each supply chain member. The authors introduced SRR models for the remanufacturing by providing some percentage of physical and financial support to the collector. Optimization techniques have been applied to obtain optimal solutions. Numerical examples and graphical representations of the optimal solutions are provided to illustrate the model.

This study stresses on profitable value retrieval from returned products, and it discusses how responsibility sharing can improve profitability and reduce the workload of an individual. In total, three main results are found. First, sharing and coordination among chain members can improve collector’s profit. Second, supply chain performance may also improve over time. Third, the profit of each member of the supply chain increases with an increase in sharing percentage up to a certain limit. So, the manufacturer can share the responsibility of the collector under a fixed limit.

The main limitation of this model is that there is no difference between manufactured and remanufactured products. There are many correlated issues that need to be further investigated. The future study in this direction may include multi-retailer, stochastic demand patterns.

It is directly utilized by supply chain industries in which coordination among chain members is still needed to maximize profits. This information enables the manufacturer to assist the collector financially or physically for the proper management of the three-layer supply chain. The present work will form a guideline to choose the appropriate parameter(s) and mathematical technique(s) in different situations for remanufacturable products.

From the management point of view, this study delivers the strongest result to remanufacturing companies and for whom effective and efficient coordination among chain members is vital to the overall performance of the supply chain.

There are very few studies that consider the remanufacturing of used products under a fixed time period. The authors considered selling price-sensitive and time-dependent exponentially declining demand. This model is developed by considering all possible help to a collector from manufacturer to collect used products from consumers. This research complements past research by showing coordination among supply chain members within a fixed time horizon.

This article aims to investigate how sub-markets with different degrees of maturity develop during a period of general organic growth, and how different consumer segments behave on these sub-markets.

This paper uses actual purchasing behaviour of six consumer segments with different attitudes towards food in general, and organic production and products in particular. The data is from the Danish market for organic foods, which is one of the most mature markets in the world.

The segmentation splits consumers into a positive and a non-positive half, each half consisting of three different segments. The estimations show that the development in general organic consumption varies between segments, and that their behaviour varies between sub-markets. The positive half of the population has driven the overall growth in organic budget share at the Danish market over the period 2005 to 2007, while the other half have not changed their consumption significantly.

The results indicate that for the most dedicated organic consumers, the organic budget share may be approaching a saturation point for some types of food, but also identify other types of food which still have a growing organic budget share, even among the most dedicated consumers.

The combination of attitudes and actual behaviour for a large number of consumers is new, and the results provide a valuable contribution to the ongoing investigation of organic consumers, and provide new nuances to the understanding of the latest organic growth.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate how nurses’ working in emergency health care in Sweden experience their encounter with undocumented migrants.

A total of 16 qualitative interviews were conducted and analyzed using a phenomenographic approach, aiming at describing various ways in which nurses experienced undocumentedness.

The process of assessment involves formal regulations as well as interpersonal features, leading to uncertainty, conflicts and dilemmas when judging such situations. Nurses’ conceptions concerned the undocumented migrants’ migrant status and social existence; second, conflicts in encountering undocumentedness pertaining to an identification systems and judgments and emotional reactions; and thrid, shifts within and between arbitrary boundaries, with unclear conditions for interaction and creative maneuvering.

Further research is needed to develop guidelines or other structures to support nurses who deal with this kind of assessment in their daily work, to reduce ethical dilemmas and the risk of inequitable treatment.

Guidelines to support nurses need to be further debated and discussed and implemented in health care education, as well as in clinical contexts.

Increased knowledge and awareness among nurses concerning migrants’ status and rights, might lead to better working conditions for nurses and thus more secure judgments.

Research with a specific focus on emergency nurses’ conceptions of undocumentedness and their strategies for handling the ensuing practical and ethical dilemmas has not been conducted in Sweden before using a qualitative method.