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11 – 20 of over 7000Yusuke Maeda, Haruka Kikuchi, Hidemitsu Izawa, Hiroki Ogawa, Masao Sugi and Tamio Arai
This paper aims to develop an easily reconfigurable assembly cell.
Abstract
Purpose
This paper aims to develop an easily reconfigurable assembly cell.
Design/methodology/approach
Some functions are implemented to resolve problems associated with physical reconfiguration of an agent‐based robotic assembly cell, such as position calibration and workspace allocation.
Findings
The implemented prototype assembly cell is composed of industrial manipulators and a belt conveyor. Installation of a new manipulator and assembly execution are successfully demonstrated on the prototype cell.
Practical implications
In the developed assembly system, installation and removal of assembly devices are easily performed so that it can adapt to changes in the manufacturing environment quickly.
Originality/value
The developed system does not use specially designed hardware. Easy reconfiguration is enabled using conventional devices such as manipulators and belt conveyors.
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Keywords
Roger C. Baker, Pamela I. Moore and Tao Wang
To examine the possibilities for dry calibration or in situ calibration for flowmeters in the field.
Abstract
Purpose
To examine the possibilities for dry calibration or in situ calibration for flowmeters in the field.
Design/methodology/approach
Reviews history and current situation with regard to in situ/dry calibration of flowmeters. Its acceptability for modern flowmeters is considered. Various options are considered to achieve dry calibration or in situ calibration. The possibility of action at a distance via the internet, for example, naturally follows from these developments.
Findings
The paper concludes that this development is likely to be of importance to manufacturers. It will need to be addressed by certification authorities.
Originality/value
The concepts will reduce the cost of calibration and the discussion should be of value to research workers, industry and government.
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Mike Tao Zhang and Ken Goldberg
Semiconductor manufacturing industry requires highly accurate robot operation with short install/setup downtime.
Abstract
Purpose
Semiconductor manufacturing industry requires highly accurate robot operation with short install/setup downtime.
Design/methodology/approach
We develop a fast, low cost and easy‐to‐operate calibration system for wafer‐handling robots. The system is defined by a fixture and a simple compensation algorithm. Given robot repeatability, end effector uncertainties, and the tolerance requirements of wafer placement points, we derive fixture design and placement specifications based on a statistical tolerance model.
Findings
By employing the fixture‐based calibration, we successfully relax the tolerance requirement of the end effector by 20 times.
Originality/value
Semiconductor manufacturing requires fast and easy‐to‐operate calibration systems for wafer‐handling robots. In this paper, we describe a new methodology to solve this problem using fixtures. We develop fixture design criteria and a simple compensate algorithm to satisfy calibration requirements. We also verify our approach by a physical example.
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Ge Wu, Duan Li, Yueqi Zhong and PengPeng Hu
The calibration is a key but cumbersome process for 3D body scanning using multiple depth cameras. The purpose of this paper is to simplify the calibration process by introducing…
Abstract
Purpose
The calibration is a key but cumbersome process for 3D body scanning using multiple depth cameras. The purpose of this paper is to simplify the calibration process by introducing a new method to calibrate the extrinsic parameters of multiple depth cameras simultaneously.
Design/methodology/approach
An improved method is introduced to enhance the accuracy based on the virtual checkerboards. Laplace coordinates are employed for a point-to-point adjustment to increase the accuracy of scanned data. A system with eight depth cameras is developed for full-body scanning, and the performance of this system is verified by actual results.
Findings
The agreement of measurements between scanned human bodies and the real subjects demonstrates the accuracy of the proposed method. The entire calibration process is automatic.
Originality/value
A complete algorithm for a full human body scanning system is introduced in this paper. This is the first publically study on the refinement and the point-by-point adjustment based on the virtual checkerboards toward the scanning accuracy enhancement.
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Mpho Trinity Manenzhe, Arnesh Telukdarie and Megashnee Munsamy
The purpose of this paper is to propose a system dynamic simulated process model for maintenance work management incorporating the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) technologies.
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to propose a system dynamic simulated process model for maintenance work management incorporating the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) technologies.
Design/methodology/approach
The extant literature in physical assets maintenance depicts that poor maintenance management is predominantly because of a lack of a clearly defined maintenance work management process model, resulting in poor management of maintenance work. This paper solves this complex phenomenon using a combination of conceptual process modeling and system dynamics simulation incorporating 4IR technologies. A process for maintenance work management and its control actions on scheduled maintenance tasks versus unscheduled maintenance tasks is modeled, replicating real-world scenarios with a digital lens (4IR technologies) for predictive maintenance strategy.
Findings
A process for maintenance work management is thus modeled and simulated as a dynamic system. Post-model validation, this study reveals that the real-world maintenance work management process can be replicated using system dynamics modeling. The impact analysis of 4IR technologies on maintenance work management systems reveals that the implementation of 4IR technologies intensifies asset performance with an overall gain of 27.46%, yielding the best maintenance index. This study further reveals that the benefits of 4IR technologies positively impact equipment defect predictability before failure, thereby yielding a predictive maintenance strategy.
Research limitations/implications
The study focused on maintenance work management system without the consideration of other subsystems such as cost of maintenance, production dynamics, and supply chain management.
Practical implications
The maintenance real-world quantitative data is retrieved from two maintenance departments from company A, for a period of 24 months, representing years 2017 and 2018. The maintenance quantitative data retrieved represent six various types of equipment used at underground Mines. The maintenance management qualitative data (Organizational documents) in maintenance management are retrieved from company A and company B. Company A is a global mining industry, and company B is a global manufacturing industry. The reliability of the data used in the model validation have practical implications on how maintenance work management system behaves with the benefit of 4IR technologies' implementation.
Social implications
This research study yields an overall benefit in asset management, thereby intensifying asset performance. The expected learnings are intended to benefit future research in the physical asset management field of study and most important to the industry practitioners in physical asset management.
Originality/value
This paper provides for a model in which maintenance work and its dynamics is systematically managed. Uncontrollable corrective maintenance work increases the complexity of the overall maintenance work management. The use of a system dynamic model and simulation incorporating 4IR technologies adds value on the maintenance work management effectiveness.
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Bernardo Lourenço, Tiago Madeira, Paulo Dias, Vitor M. Ferreira Santos and Miguel Oliveira
2D laser rangefinders (LRFs) are commonly used sensors in the field of robotics, as they provide accurate range measurements with high angular resolution. These sensors can be…
Abstract
Purpose
2D laser rangefinders (LRFs) are commonly used sensors in the field of robotics, as they provide accurate range measurements with high angular resolution. These sensors can be coupled with mechanical units which, by granting an additional degree of freedom to the movement of the LRF, enable the 3D perception of a scene. To be successful, this reconstruction procedure requires to evaluate with high accuracy the extrinsic transformation between the LRF and the motorized system.
Design/methodology/approach
In this work, a calibration procedure is proposed to evaluate this transformation. The method does not require a predefined marker (commonly used despite its numerous disadvantages), as it uses planar features in the point acquired clouds.
Findings
Qualitative inspections show that the proposed method reduces artifacts significantly, which typically appear in point clouds because of inaccurate calibrations. Furthermore, quantitative results and comparisons with a high-resolution 3D scanner demonstrate that the calibrated point cloud represents the geometries present in the scene with much higher accuracy than with the un-calibrated point cloud.
Practical implications
The last key point of this work is the comparison of two laser scanners: the lemonbot (authors’) and a commercial FARO scanner. Despite being almost ten times cheaper, the laser scanner was able to achieve similar results in terms of geometric accuracy.
Originality/value
This work describes a novel calibration technique that is easy to implement and is able to achieve accurate results. One of its key features is the use of planes to calibrate the extrinsic transformation.
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For the off‐line programming of robots to be successful thegraphical simulation must model the real work cell to a very high degree ofaccuracy which calls for equally accurate…
Abstract
For the off‐line programming of robots to be successful the graphical simulation must model the real work cell to a very high degree of accuracy which calls for equally accurate calibration of the robot. The University of Surrey has been developing a optical, non‐contact 3‐D repeat motion tracking system called Optotrac to carry out this task. Outlines the Optotrac specification and principals of operation which is based on the use of a “cat’s eye” target and two laser beams. Compares Optotrac with other robot metrology tools and gives examples of fits application. Concludes that most metrology tools are still confined to the laboratory but as the systems become more widely available and the prices fall they will spread into industrial application.
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Heng Liu, Yonghua Lu, Haibo Yang, Lihua Zhou and Qiang Feng
In the context of fixed-wing aircraft wing assembly, there is a need for a rapid and precise measurement technique to determine the center distance between two double-hole…
Abstract
Purpose
In the context of fixed-wing aircraft wing assembly, there is a need for a rapid and precise measurement technique to determine the center distance between two double-hole components. This paper aims to propose an optical-based spatial point distance measurement technique using the spatial triangulation method. The purpose of this paper is to design a specialized measurement system, specifically a spherically mounted retroreflector nest (SMR nest), equipped with two laser displacement sensors and a rotary encoder as the core to achieve accurate distance measurements between the double holes.
Design/methodology/approach
To develop an efficient and accurate measurement system, the paper uses a combination of laser displacement sensors and a rotary encoder within the SMR nest. The system is designed, implemented and tested to meet the requirements of precise distance measurement. Software and hardware components have been developed and integrated for validation.
Findings
The optical-based distance measurement system achieves high precision at 0.04 mm and repeatability at 0.02 mm within a range of 412.084 mm to 1,590.591 mm. These results validate its suitability for efficient assembly processes, eliminating repetitive errors in aircraft wing assembly.
Originality/value
This paper proposes an optical-based spatial point distance measurement technique, as well as a unique design of a SMR nest and the introduction of two novel calibration techniques, all of which are validated by the developed software and hardware platform.
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Yifan Jiang, Xiang Huang and Shuanggao Li
The purpose of this paper is to propose an on-line iterative compensation method combining with a feed-forward compensation method to enhance the assembly accuracy of a…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to propose an on-line iterative compensation method combining with a feed-forward compensation method to enhance the assembly accuracy of a metrology-integrated robot system (MIRS).
Design/methodology/approach
By the integration of a six degrees of freedom (6DoF) measurement system (T-Mac), the robot’ movement can be tracked with real-time measurement. With the on-line measured data, the proposed iterative compensation for absolute positioning and the feed-forward compensation for relative linear motion are integrated into the assembly process to improve the assembly accuracy.
Findings
It is found that the MIRS exhibits good performance in both accuracy and efficiency with the application of the proposed compensation method. With the proposed assembly process, a component can be automatically aligned to the target in seconds, and the assembly error can be decreased to 0.021 mm for position and 0.008° for orientation on average.
Originality/value
This paper presents a 6DoF MIRS for high-precision assembly. Based on the system, a novel on-line compensation method is proposed to enhance the assembly accuracy. In this paper, the assembly accuracy and the corresponding distance parameter are given by a series of experiments as reference for assembly applications.
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Qingbing Chang, Jun Zhang and Zongjin Ren
The purpose of this paper is to solve the problem that the relationship between loading forces, which were applied at different positions on a plane, and output values of…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to solve the problem that the relationship between loading forces, which were applied at different positions on a plane, and output values of load-sharing dynamometer is non-linear.
Design/methodology/approach
First, the analytical model of ISPM (isodynamic surface proportional mapping method) method, which is used to calibrate dynamometer, was established. Then, a series of axial force calibration tests were performed on a load-sharing dynamometer at different loading positions. Finally, according to output values, calibration forces at different loading positions were calculated by ISPM method, and corresponding distribution histogram of calibration force error was generated.
Findings
The largest error between calculated force and standard force is 2.92 per cent, and the probability of calculated force error within 1 per cent is 91.03 per cent, which verify that the ISPM method is reliable for non-linear calibration of dynamometers.
Originality/value
The proposed ISPM method can achieve non-linear calibration between measured force and output signal of load-sharing dynamometer at different positions. In addition, ISPM method can also solve some complex non-linear problems, such as prediction of plane cutting force under the influence of multiple parameters, the force measurement of multi-degree-of-freedom platform and so on.
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