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To assess the distortion in colour matching occurring in the process from design of a fabric to printed output, a combined objective and subjective measurement methodology was used. The results obtained from the spectrophotometer demonstrated that the hue and chroma of the printed copies differed from the originals. It was found that the perception of colour by fashion/textile designers mainly depends upon overall colour differences (▵E) rather than any individual factors such as lightness, chroma and hue.

This paper aims to examine the interaction effect among the subjective social class, service level and recovery type on post-failure service evaluations (recovery satisfaction and willingness to spread positive word-of-mouth).

A total of 270 US consumers were recruited via Amazon MTurk. This study adopted a 2 (Subjective social class: high vs low) × 2 (Service level: luxury vs mid-scale) × 2 (Recovery type: customer self-recovery vs joint recovery) between subjects’ factorial design using a scenario-based survey method.

The results from the three-way multivariate analysis of covariance confirmed that a joint recovery is ineffective for high subjective social class individuals in a mid-scale hotel setting. Moreover, the moderated mediation analysis revealed that this tendency can be explained by high subjective social class individuals’ tendency to attribute blame externally to self-service technologies (SSTs).

The results of this study suggest that mid-scale hotels should deploy employees in the SST service area based on the profile of their main customers. If a mid-scale hotel is positioning itself to appeal to high subjective social class customers, then employees should be aware of the fact that customers may not be highly satisfied if they receive assistance.

This study expands the current knowledge on customers’ psychological differences based on subjective social class. Furthermore, the findings of this study contribute to academia by providing evidence of external attribution among high subjective social class individuals.

In an adventure tourism context (i.e. sky diving, bungee jumping) the effect of the absence or presence of a travel companion; companion relative ability (i.e. perception of a companion’s possessed resources useful for the achievement of travel goals); and tourist gender on the impact of companion relative ability on tourists’ satisfaction and subjective well-being is examined. This paper aims to investigate the mediating role of satisfaction that combines companion relative ability, tourist gender, tourist satisfaction and subjective well-being.

This research uses three situational experiments. A one-factor between-subjects experimental design was used for Study 1. Studies 2 and 3 used a one-factor between-subjects and a 2 × 3 factorial between-subjects design. Participants included tourists visiting a national park in China assigned to scenarios using an anonymous intercept approach and an online survey.

Having a companion with greater/comparable relative ability produces a greater effect on tourist satisfaction and subjective well-being than having a companion with lower relative ability. Furthermore, the perceived relative ability of a travel companion results in a stronger positive effect on tourist satisfaction and subjective well-being for female tourists. Meanwhile, satisfaction fully mediates the impact of the interaction between companion relative ability and tourist gender on subjective well-being.

The current research validates the companion effect on adventure tourists’ satisfaction and subjective well-being. An additional contribution is an investigation into the effect of companion relative ability. The study is the only one the authors are aware of that examines the moderating role of tourist gender on the effect of companion relative ability on tourist satisfaction and subjective well-being and identifies the mechanism that combines companion relative ability, tourist gender, tourist satisfaction and subjective well-being.

同伴效应对冒险旅游者满意度与主观幸福感的影响：性别的调节作用

本研究探讨了在冒险旅游情境下, 有旅游同伴和感知同伴相对能力对旅游者满意度和主观幸福感的影响。

研究1采用了单因子组间设计。研究2采用了一个单因子组间设计和一个2×3双因子组间设计。

与拥有一个相对能力较低的同伴相比, 拥有一个相对能力较高/相等的同伴对旅游满意度和主观幸福感的影响更大。此外, 旅游同伴相对能力感知对女性旅游者的满意度和主观幸福感有较强的正向影响。同时, 满意度完全中介同伴相对能力与旅游者性别之间的交互效应对主观幸福感的影响。

本研究验证了同伴效应对冒险旅游者满意度和主观幸福感的影响。另一个贡献是对同伴相对能力影响的研究。本研究是我们唯一所知：1）检验旅游者性别在同伴相对能力对旅游者满意度和主观幸福感影响中的调节作用; 2）考察联结了同伴相对能力、旅游者性别、旅游者满意度和主观幸福感的机制。

El efecto Peer de la satisfacción y el bienestar subjetivo de los turistas de aventura: el efecto moderador del género

Este estudio investigó la influencia de la capacidad relativa de los pares y la percepción de los pares en la satisfacción de los turistas y el bienestar subjetivo en el contexto del Turismo de aventura.

En el estudio 1 se utilizó un diseño experimental de un solo factor entre sujetos.El estudio 2 utilizó un diseño factorial único entre sujetos y 2 □ 3 entre sujetos.

En comparación con los pares con menor capacidad relativa, los pares con mayor capacidad relativa tienen un mayor impacto en la satisfacción de los turistas y el bienestar subjetivo.Además, la capacidad relativa percibida de las mujeres turistas hacia sus pares tiene un fuerte efecto positivo en la satisfacción de los turistas y el bienestar subjetivo.Al mismo tiempo, la satisfacción mediaba plenamente la influencia de la interacción entre la capacidad relativa de los pares y el género de los turistas en el bienestar subjetivo.

Este estudio verificó la influencia del efecto Peer en la satisfacción y el bienestar subjetivo de los turistas de aventura.Otra contribución es el estudio de los efectos de la competencia relativa entre pares.Este estudio es el único que conocemos: 1) investigar el efecto moderador del género de los turistas en la capacidad relativa de los pares sobre la satisfacción de los turistas y el bienestar subjetivo; 2) determinar el mecanismo de combinación de la capacidad relativa de los pares, el género de los turistas, la satisfacción de los turistas y El bienestar subjetivo.

Given the increasing need after the outbreak of COVID-19 to encourage restaurant customers to dine in, the purpose of this paper is to examine the effects that anthropomorphic cues jointly with brand awareness and subjective social class have on restaurant-visit intention.

To better comprehend the use of anthropomorphic cues, this paper involved two studies that used two types of anthropomorphic cues: (1) non-food (a spoon) and (2) food ingredients. For each study, a 2 × 2 mixed factorial design was used.

Using three-way mixed ANOVAs, the results from Study 1 confirmed that adding anthropomorphic cues to a non-food object (a spoon) could induce positive effects for restaurants with lower brand awareness, especially among individuals with low subjective social class. In contrast, Study 2 showed that adding anthropomorphic cues to a food ingredient (e.g. tomato, lettuce and olive) had a weaker effect on restaurants with high brand awareness, especially among individuals with a high subjective social class.

Marketers should use anthropomorphism strategies based on their target customers, especially if their brand is less popular.

Using the theoretical framework from the elaboration likelihood model, this paper contributes to the anthropomorphism literature by showing how an anthropomorphized image that fits an individual’s interests could trigger a careful thinking process that leads to differential behaviors based on brand awareness.

The authors consider how the mode of data collection (Internet vs. paper) alters individuals’ responses to different types of survey questions, including subjective, recall, and factual questions. The authors isolate the measurement effect of the mode from the sample selection effect by exploiting predata in a convenience consumer panel. The authors propose using panelists’ reward point balance as exclusion restriction to correct for differing response probabilities by mode, because the reward point balance depends on the timing of the survey invitations and is a source of random variation in response incentive. The authors evaluate average and quantile measurement effects in a mixed-mode Web/paper survey and find statistically significant evidence of mode effects in subjective and recall questions.

The purpose of this paper is to analyse the health level and health dynamics of migrants from Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), broadly defined, in Germany. Population health in CEE compares badly to Germany. Lifestyle changes and access to better health care in Germany can lead to health improvement of migrants.

Longitudinal data from the German Socio-Economic Panel are used. First, the time trends of immigrant and native health are analysed graphically. Second, regression analysis is conducted, controlling for demographic and socio-economic factors when estimating the country of origin effects on health. Finally, regression models are estimated to investigate if social and economic integration significantly improves the subjective well-being of the immigrant groups.

Evidence is found for significantly better subjective health of migrants compared to the natives, even if demographic and socio-economic factors are controlled for. Only part of the health advantage is explained by selective migration. The health of the more advantaged migrants tend to decline slower than of the natives.

If migrants are economically and socially integrated in the host country then their presence is unlikely to increase the health burdens of the host country.

The existing knowledge on the health developments of migrants from CEE in other European countries is limited. Based on richer statistical information, the results of this paper partly contradict earlier findings in the literature, in particular no evidence is seen for worse or quickly declining health of immigrants.

Empirical research on successful and unsuccessful marketing strategies indicates that smaller‐share firms in established markets have difficulty gaining market share profitability. An empirically based framework of questions to guide the managers of such firms when evaluating an aggressive marketing strategy they have under consideration is presented. A literature review of the prescriptions for smaller‐share firms basically suggests the two strategies of differentiation and/or focus on faster growing segments. The authors research of 31 case histories offers several more strategic recommendations for the management of smaller‐share firms.

In this paper, the authors offer a methodological discussion and examples of visual analysis processes. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate a data analysis method that the authors named layered textural analysis, which brought together images and texts in ways that changed existing and decontextualized understandings. The authors used layered textural analysis to interpret photo-narratives from a photo elicitation study about the development of intercultural sensitivity in US study abroad students.

Layered textural analysis, as carried out in this study, consisted of structural analysis of narratives present in interview text, visual analysis of the photos, and guiding questions related to the content and relationship of the photos and narratives.

Individual experiences, images, and texts reflect complex connections between matter and thought. The multilayered analysis led to complex understandings and representations of participants’ learning and interpretation of cultural differences, and allowed us to examine photo-narrative events and participants’ individual meaning-making processes.

Visual researchers rarely write about their processes of analysis in sufficient epistemological and methodological detail. Transparency about data analysis may inspire other scholars to experiment with data analysis approaches. The authors share layered textural analysis so that qualitative researchers can gain ideas for their own reflexive analytic techniques and to exemplify how multilayered analysis methods can change understandings of data and work against simplified knowledges.

Civil society organisations (CSOs) contribute essentially to welfare states and society. In Europe they play a key role in the provision of social services, but also fulfil a large variety of other functions, such as giving voice to unaddressed issues, offering alternative ways of occupational socialisation or facilitating social inclusion (cf. Kramer, 1981; Rose-Ackerman & James, 1986; Kendall, 2003). Current research suggests that the third sectors’ societal roles considerably vary between countries, depending on the welfare state they are embedded in: Starting with a revision of Esping-Andersen's welfare regime typology (1990) and also based on the earlier work of Moore (1966), Salamon and his colleagues developed a typology of four different ‘non-profit regimes’ (Salamon & Anheier, 1998; Salamon, Hems, & Chinnock, 2000a). As key dimensions for this classification, they applied the extent of governmental welfare spending and the size of the third sector (cf. Johnson, 1999). According to this typology of nonprofit regimes, in countries with a large third-sector CSOs mainly fulfil the service function. Countries with a relatively small third sector, so the implicit conclusion, would tend to engage in ‘the expression of political, social, or even recreational interests’ (Salamon & Anheier, 1998, p. 229).

The promotion of autonomous vehicles introduces privacy and security risks, underscoring the pressing need for responsible innovation implementation. To more effectively address the societal risks posed by autonomous vehicles, considering collaborative engagement of key stakeholders is essential. This study aims to provide insights into the governance of potential privacy and security issues in the innovation of autonomous driving technology by analyzing the micro-level decision-making processes of various stakeholders.

For this study, the authors use a nuanced approach, integrating key stakeholder theory, perceived value theory and prospect theory. The study constructs a model based on evolutionary game for the privacy and security governance mechanism of autonomous vehicles, involving enterprises, governments and consumers.

The governance of privacy and security in autonomous driving technology is influenced by key stakeholders’ decision-making behaviors and pivotal factors such as perceived value factors. The study finds that the governmental is influenced to a lesser extent by the decisions of other stakeholders, and factors such as risk preference coefficient, which contribute to perceived value, have a more significant influence than appearance factors like participation costs.

This study lacks an investigation into the risk sensitivity of various stakeholders in different scenarios.

The study delineates the roles and behaviors of key stakeholders and contributes valuable insights toward addressing pertinent risk concerns within the governance of autonomous vehicles. Through the study, the practical application of Responsible Innovation theory has been enriched, addressing the shortcomings in the analysis of micro-level processes within the framework of evolutionary game.