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1 – 10 of over 65000Andrew R.M. Fisher, Guðmundur Oddsson and Takeshi Wada
The purpose of this paper is to integrate conflict theory's class and race perspectives to explain police force size in large cities in the USA.
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to integrate conflict theory's class and race perspectives to explain police force size in large cities in the USA.
Design/methodology/approach
Data on US cities with populations of 250,000 or greater (n=64) are used to test whether class and/or racial factors impact police force size. The data are analyzed using OLS regression.
Findings
This study finds that class and race factors combine to impact police force size concurrently. By adjusting the model specifications of a recent article, which concludes police force size in large US cities is determined by racial factors and not class, this study shows that two class‐related factors – racial economic inequality and poverty – significantly influence police force size. Additionally, this analysis calls into question the importance of racial factors; specifically, the threat caused by minority presence and a city's history of racially coded violence.
Originality/value
Few conflict theorists have attempted to integrate class and race in order to explain police force size. The results of this study show that racial economic inequality interacts with poverty (class threat) and that they jointly affect police force size. This adds further nuance to the argument of the complex causal interaction of intersectionality and supports theoretical, methodological, and public policy shifts that blend class inequality and racial threat to explain police force size.
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Robert Folger and Steven W. Whiting
In this chapter, the authors present a theoretical model useful for analyzing people’s perceptions of what they should do, should not do, and should be allowed to do at work…
Abstract
In this chapter, the authors present a theoretical model useful for analyzing people’s perceptions of what they should do, should not do, and should be allowed to do at work. These perceptions create powerful motivational forces that shape workplace behavior. The authors describe various aspects of this model – a deonance perspective – as it relates to rights (permissible behavior) and responsibilities (behavioral prescriptions and proscriptions). The authors demonstrate how it offers new insights beyond those available from existing theoretical models, and the authors outline its implications for research and the practice of human resource management.
Fubing Bao, Zhihong Mao and Limin Qiu
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the gas flow characteristics in near wall region and the velocity slip phenomenon on the wall in nano-channels based on the molecular…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the gas flow characteristics in near wall region and the velocity slip phenomenon on the wall in nano-channels based on the molecular dynamics simulation.
Design/methodology/approach
An external gravity force was employed to drive the flow. The density and velocity profiles across the channel, and the velocity slip on the wall were studied, considering different gas temperatures and gas-solid interaction strengths.
Findings
The simulation results demonstrate that a single layer of gas molecules is adsorbed on wall surface. The density of adsorption layer increases with the decrease of gas temperature and with increase of interaction strength. The near wall region extents several molecular diameters away from the wall. The density profile is flatter at higher temperature and the velocity profile has the traditional parabolic shape. The velocity slip on the wall increases with the increase of temperature and with decrease of interaction strength linearly. The average velocity decreases with the increase of gas-solid interaction strength.
Originality/value
This research presents gas flow characteristics in near wall region and the velocity slip phenomenon on the wall in nano-channels. Some interesting results in nano-scale channels are obtained.
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Addresses the issue of formulating strategic plans. A variety oftechniques are suggested in the literature. Reports on the use of twoof these techniques in helping to formulate…
Abstract
Addresses the issue of formulating strategic plans. A variety of techniques are suggested in the literature. Reports on the use of two of these techniques in helping to formulate strategic plans in the operating division of a large multinational company. The Porter forces of competition model and the TOWS model proved useful tools in practice. The practicalities of trying to implement a strategic plan for the company produced some useful contributions to strategic management theory.
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Reveals that the available literature on TQM implementation emphasizes the experiences of firms in industrialized nations, and studies dealing with the challenges of implementing…
Abstract
Reveals that the available literature on TQM implementation emphasizes the experiences of firms in industrialized nations, and studies dealing with the challenges of implementing TQM in less developed countries (LDCs) are limited. Examines the factors that influence the successful implementation of TQM in LDCs with a particular focus on the countries of Sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA). Using force‐field analysis, identifies the primary environmental factors expected to drive or restrain TQM implementation in SSA and proposes some approaches for enhancing its success. Suggests that advance knowledge of the factors that are likely to promote or obstruct TQM implementation would enable managers in SSA countries to develop more effective strategies that will enhance the chances of implementation success. Asserts that adopting the TQM approach can help to improve the quality of goods and services in SSA countries, increase their export capabilities and facilitate the achievement of their development goals. Cautions that in SSA countries it is not enough that top managers in individual firms commit to the TQM process, noting that, in contrast to industrialized nations, SSA governments play a much more prominent role in economic activity, including direct ownership of major enterprises. Hence, argues that the unwavering support of African governments is crucial if TQM is to be successfully introduced and sustained in private and public organizations in SSA.
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Artificial‐life techniques – specifically, agent‐based models and evolutionary learning algorithms – provide a potentially powerful new approach to understanding some of the…
Abstract
Artificial‐life techniques – specifically, agent‐based models and evolutionary learning algorithms – provide a potentially powerful new approach to understanding some of the fundamental processes of war. This paper introduces a simple artificial‐like “toy model” of combat called Enhanced ISAAC Neural Simulation Tool (EINSTein). EINSTein is designed to illustrate how certain aspects of land combat can be viewed as self‐organized, emergent phenomena resulting from the dynamical web of interactions among notional combatants. EINSTein's bottom‐up, synthesist approach to the modeling of combat stands in stark contrast to the more traditional top‐down, or reductionist approach taken by conventional military models, and represents a step toward developing a complex systems theoretic toolbox for identifying, exploring, and possibly exploiting self‐organized emergent collective patterns of behavior on the real battlefield. A description of the model is provided, along with examples of emergent agent patterns and behaviors.
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On November 26, 1996, China and India signed the Agreement on Confidence-Building Measures in the Military Field along the Line of Actual Control in the India-China Border Areas…
Abstract
On November 26, 1996, China and India signed the Agreement on Confidence-Building Measures in the Military Field along the Line of Actual Control in the India-China Border Areas. It was a follow-up to the Agreement between India and China on the Maintenance of Peace and Tranquillity along the Line of Actual Control in the India-China Border Areas, signed on September 7, 1993. Signatories to the 1996 document agreed that neither side would use military capability against the other. No armed forces would be deployed by either side in the border areas along the line of actual control. Further, no military strength would be used by one side to attack the other or to engage in military activities that would threaten the other side or undermine the peace, tranquillity and stability in the India-China border areas. As part of the agreement, each side reconfirmed its determination to seek a fair, reasonable and mutually acceptable settlement of the border dispute. Each country also reaffirmed its commitment to respect strictly the line of actual control. Finally, each country reaffirmed that, in mutually agreed to geographical zones, it would reduce or limit military forces to levels compatible with friendly and good neighborly relations, consistent with the principle of mutual and equal security.
The purpose of this paper is to provide a solution that helps reduce confusion about choice and usage of tools for strategy-making.
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to provide a solution that helps reduce confusion about choice and usage of tools for strategy-making.
Design/methodology/approach
The approach is to present a classroom-tested system that integrates new methods for applying a parsimonious set of six widely used tools, within one, comprehensive, yet succinct, procedure for strategy-making.
Findings
Findings, based on years of development and use of the procedure as the basis for teaching MBA capstone courses in strategy, reveal that it facilitates rapid mastery of the underlying theory and practical application of the essential tools of strategy-making.
Practical implications
Practical implications include decreased tendencies for ad hoc or disjointed use of random sets of tools for strategy-making and increased capabilities to connect strategy-making and strategy-executing in an iterative process, as previous iterations of strategies that were executed by organizations are used to determine new strategies.
Originality/value
Characteristics of the procedure which are original include: merging outside-in and inside-out perspectives on strategy-making in one, succinct procedure; providing an approach with general applicability to diverse types of organizations; providing a systematic process for identifying and rating environmental characteristics, using shared, theory-based scales, applied to fully-cited, real-world data, thereby reducing reliance on unsubstantiated opinion, providing full traceability, and facilitating knowledge transfer across users and time; and linking strategy analysis to formulation. The procedure described in this article has value for professors, students, managers, consultants, and the broad spectrum of people throughout organizations who are engaged in strategy-making.
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Abdelraheem M. Aly, Mitsuteru Asai and Yoshimi Sonda
The purpose of this paper is to show how a surface tension model and an eddy viscosity based on the Smagorinsky sub‐grid scale model, which belongs to the Large‐Eddy Simulation…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to show how a surface tension model and an eddy viscosity based on the Smagorinsky sub‐grid scale model, which belongs to the Large‐Eddy Simulation (LES) theory for turbulent flow, have been introduced into ISPH (Incompressible smoothed particle hydrodynamics) method. In addition, a small modification in the source term of pressure Poisson equation has been introduced as a stabilizer for robust simulations. This stabilization generates a smoothed pressure distribution and keeps the total volume of fluid, and it is analogous to the recent modification in MPS.
Design/methodology/approach
The surface tension force in free surface flow is evaluated without a direct modeling of surrounding air for decreasing computational costs. The proposed model was validated by calculating the surface tension force in the free surface interface for a cubic‐droplet under null‐gravity and the milk crown problem with different resolution models. Finally, effects of the eddy viscosity have been discussed with a fluid‐fluid interaction simulation.
Findings
From the numerical tests, the surface tension model can handle free surface tension problems including high curvature without special treatments. The eddy viscosity has clear effects in adjusting the splashes and reduces the deformation of free surface in the interaction. Finally, the proposed stabilization appeared in the source term of pressure Poisson equation has an important role in the simulation to keep the total volume of fluid.
Originality/value
An incompressible smoothed particle hydrodynamics is developed to simulate milk crown problem using a surface tension model and the eddy viscosity.
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