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To examine the case for the incremental development of corporate strategy and the implications for management learning and development.

The authors use their background in consultancy and management development in the UK and abroad to examine the potential dangers of comprehensive innovations in corporate strategy and the potential benefits of an incremental approach. In Part 2 of the article they rely on their academic experience in a wide variety of institutions in the UK and abroad to consider the related issues of management learning and development.

The two main dangers with the development of a comprehensive corporate strategy were explained in Part 1 of this article. Sometimes the narrowness of the consideration of corporate issues may be replicated in taught programmes in business schools where the human factors in particular may not be given sufficient attention. A broad based consideration of corporate strategy may create a greater emphasis on the incremental approach. A related issue is that there may be a mismatch between the needs of the client group on taught programmes and syllabus coverage, particularly because of the perceived branding value of the term “strategy”.

The authors have relied partly on case study examples to make their case for a greater emphasis on the incremental development of corporate strategy and related academic coverage of the subject. Their main thesis is that if the process whereby strategy is developed is deficient, then the results may well be counter‐productive. One of the ways to try and prevent this is to ensure that related learning and development is appropriate.

The two part article is a necessary examination of the dangers of corporate strategy development that is based on too narrow a range of functions and disciplines. The same limitations can be replicated in academic coverage of the area. The article is meant to engender a necessary scepticism about the way corporate strategy can be realistically developed and covered academically. Constructive advice is also given about broad based strategy development and related management learning and development.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the case for the incremental development of corporate strategy and related issues of management development.

A background in consultancy and management development in the UK and abroad is used to examine the potential dangers of radical and comprehensive innovations in corporate strategy and the potential benefits of an incremental approach. In addition, recent developments and examples are referred to as well as relevant literature.

The paper finds that there are two main potential dangers with the development of a comprehensive corporate strategy. The first is that the exercise may prove to be so daunting that it is effectively abandoned. The second is that comprehensive strategy innovations are based on too narrow a consideration of the issues and may be counter‐productive. A broad based consideration of corporate strategy may create a greater emphasis on the incremental approach.

Examples partly from consultancy work have been relied on to make the case for a greater emphasis on the incremental development of corporate strategy and related academic coverage of the subject. The paper's main thesis is that if the process whereby strategy is developed is deficient, then the results may well be counter‐productive. This is especially likely if comprehensive change is planned.

The two‐part paper is a necessary examination of the dangers of corporate strategy development that is based on too narrow a range of functions and disciplines. The same limitations can be replicated in academic coverage of the area. The paper is meant to engender a necessary scepticism about the way corporate strategy can be realistically developed. Constructive advice is also given about broad‐based strategy development and related management learning and development issues.

Digitalising cities requires new urban governance processes that account for rapidly changing environments and technological advances. In this context, agile development methods have become valuable, if not necessary. However, agile development contradicts public administration practices of risk aversion and long-term planning. The purpose of this study is to discuss practical avenues for navigating these two contradictions by adapting agile development to the needs of public sector organisations.

The authors review the collaborative elaboration of Dresden’s smart city strategy as a critical case study. Dresden’s smart city strategy was developed using agile development and quadruple-helix innovation. The year-long co-creation process involved stakeholders from various groups to conceive an integrated and sustainable vision for digitalisation-based urban development.

Despite the apparent contradictions, this study finds that key aspects of agile development are feasible for public sector innovation. Firstly, risks can be strategically managed and distributed among administration and non-administration stakeholders. Secondly, while delivering value through short iterative loops, adherence to formal processes remains possible. Informal feedback cycles can be harmoniously combined with official statements, allowing iterative progress.

The empirical material is based on a single case study and thus risks overemphasising the general applicability of the proposed methods.

This paper outlines practical steps to greater agility for public administration engaged in digitalising cities. The paper conceptualises a forward and lateral momentum for the agile development of a smart city strategy that aims to reconcile formal policymaking processes with short-term loops and risk aversion with experimental value creation. This approach balanced risks, created value and enhanced the strategy‘s alignment with strategic frameworks, ultimately promoting innovation in the public sector.

This paper proposes a novel, empirically grounded conceptualisation of implementing agile methods that explicitly recognises the peculiarities of public administrations. It conceptualises the orchestrated and pragmatic use of specific agile development methods to advance the digitalisation of cities.

Surging global natural disasters provide incentive for risk-reducing policies and strategies. In this light, the African Union (AU) engaged a multi-stakeholder policy formulation process between 2002 and 2006, to develop a continent-wide disaster risk reduction (DRR) strategy. Drawing from secondary data, this chapter assesses the process and applies qualitative analysis instruments to critically assess the AU’s disaster policy. Linkages to the 2005 international Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) are also highlighted. The analysis reveals that Africa’s policy formulation process was belated for over a decade, with respect to international expectations. The formulation process was however largely African owned and led, culminating in a strategy document that reflected African contextual reality at the time, and aligned well with HFA fundamental goals. The applied multi-stakeholder approach enhanced a spirit of participation across levels and was central to the largely successful policy formulation process. However, targeted policy outcomes were not explicit, and poorly formulated indicators marred short- and long-term policy evaluation. Based on these results, we conclude that the African-wide DRR policy formulation processes were belated but participatory, systematic and very successful. Belated policy formulation reflects an initial inertia on the African continent, justified by past negative policy experiences and the desire to succeed. A replication of this policy formulation approach in Africa is recommended, albeit exercising more caution on policy timing, the elaboration of better monitoring and evaluation instruments and criteria. Participation should further embrace modern, risk-free (anti-COVID-19-friendly) information and communication technologies.

The purpose of this paper is to increase our understanding of why firms, specifically small to medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs), participate in a programme for competence development and why firms use different strategies for competence development.

A study of 17 SMEs that all received support from the European Social Fund, Objective 3 programme. The collection of data is based on semi‐structured interviews with management/owners, internal project leaders, employees and union representatives, feedback seminars with representatives from the studied enterprises, and on analysis of documents.

The findings demonstrate that all SMEs reported driving forces for competence development relating to both external organizational conditions and internal organizational conditions, to at least a certain degree. Furthermore, there appears to be a strong relationship between observed patterns of driving forces and the strategy for competence development used by the firm.

The SMEs that experience a relatively stronger driving force for competence development initiate problem‐solving efforts to design and implement more elaborated strategies for competence development. The SMEs that experience a lesser degree of driving force for competence development implement less elaborated strategies for competence development.

The paper finds that both external and internal organizational conditions are important in understanding why SMEs undergo competence development programme. Furthermore, the importance of external and internal organizational conditions is not only limited to why the companies participate in a programme for competence development, but also for how they participate, i.e. the strategies used for competence development.

This special “Anbar Abstracts” issue of the Journal of Product & Brand Management is split into six sections covering abstracts under the following headings: Marketing strategy; Customer service; Pricing; Promotion; Marketing research, customer behavior; Product management.

This special “Anbar Abstracts” issue of the Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing is split into seven sections covering abstracts under the following headings: Marketing strategy; Customer service; Sales management; Promotion; Product management; Marketing research/customer behavior; Sundry.

Purpose – To share with your readership a new approach to engaging an organization in strategy development while also aligning the strategy with the desired culture. Design/methodology/approach – The approach involves the use of multiple cross‐functional and cross‐organizational teams at all levels to collaboratively tackle the task of strategy development, including definition and launch of efforts to create a winning culture aligned with the strategy being developed. Findings – Fully engaging a cross section of the organization (rather than delegating it to internal heads of strategic planning or outside consultants) increases buy‐in and support for the strategy as well as understanding of the strategy and the strategic context. Utilizing a variety of alternative scenarios in strategy development helps in creating winning strategies under conditions of uncertainty. And coupling the development of strategy with the launch of initiatives that begin building elements of a “winning culture” helps create a strategy tailored to an environment that itself becomes a sourced of sustainable competitive advantage. Practical implications – While the task of developing a strategy while undergoing the beginnings of a cultural change process is challenging, the level of buy‐in, understanding, support, and sustainability of the strategy makes the effort worthwhile and the strategy both implementable and advantaged. Originality/value – Recognizing the power of a strategy developed by an organization (rather than delivered in final form to the organization) and a strategy that is grounded on the goal of creating and sustaining a winning culture will allow organizations to design and implement truly winning strategies.

Tourist destinations are constantly changing products, evolving as per the controls exerted by the stakeholders. The study aims to map the pattern of tourism development and identify the strategies formed at the destination over a seven-decade period for a state as a unit of analysis.

The paper evaluates tourism development through the tourism area life cycle (TALC) model and uses Mintzberg's strategy analysis process to identify strategies. The study involves time series analysis, pattern matching and explanation-building techniques. The TALC is plotted for the number of tourist arrivals from 1947 to 2019, and strategies are mapped for each stage.

The TALC shows a cycle-recycle pattern of tourism development. The research revealed several strategies at different stages. Both the central and state governments and entrepreneurs, distinctively and in conjunction, have formed strategies. The pattern shows the period of piecemeal and global strategic changes contributing to tourism development.

The research unearths the strategies that drive the development curves of TALC, emphasising the integration of TALC with other theories. The research also assesses the strategy formed in the pre-tourism stage.

The research brings to light the use of TALC as a strategic road-mapping tool. In addition, the study emphasises the significance of global and piecemeal strategic periods and stakeholder's regulatory and operational roles.

The research uses a unique methodology that maps the strategies, periods of strategic changes and incremental strategies for each stage of TALC, along with identifying the stakeholders.

Career development involves how employees manage their career advancement. This study aims to investigate the relevance of Sun Tzu's Art of War to career development of construction professionals with the aim of suggesting strategies that may be adopted for career development.

The data collection technique was in‐depth interviews with 32 subjects who are Singapore‐based construction professionals. The subjects were asked 13 open‐ended questions which were developed based on the Art of War.

The main findings on the effective career development strategies are: outperforming peers by developing deep job experience and delivering excellent performance; adopting a team member posture before moving on to a team leader stance; handling office politics and conflicts effectively; maintaining flexibility and manoeuvrability in one's career; networking; and acquiring foreknowledge.

The study is qualitative in nature, thus, the actual effectiveness of the recommendations for career development is not known. There may also be some more strategies undisclosed by interviewees as sharing them may cause them to lose their competitive advantage.

The effective strategies for career development are found. Construction professionals may adopt some military strategies that may help them in their career development.

The relevance of military strategies to career development in construction firms suggests that career progression is akin to war, where winning is important and strategizing to win is necessary.

In this paper military strategies are mapped onto career development, and relevant career advancement strategies are identified.