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The paper describes the various types of retail stores found in shopping centres and states that rental valuations are made by reference to rents paid for comparable premises. The paper describes the alternative methods of rental valuation which may be employed. The ‘zoning’ method and the ‘overall’ method are described and commented upon with references to relevant case law and examples of each method of valuation. The alternative methods are compared and it is concluded that one or other method may be preferred in particular circumstances. It is concluded that either method may be employed but that the preferred method will be that which best facilitates comparison between rents of stores which differ in location and other relevant characteristics. The paper also deals with capital valuations on an ‘existing use’ basis and concludes that that method of valuation should be by way of capitalisation of actual rents or estimated net rental values.

Despite the importance of innovation in business performance, investigation into innovation in services is scanty and lacking consensus. In retailing, it is a topic that has been awakening considerable academic and business interest in recent years. In this study context, this work aims to analyse innovation in retail experiences from two aspects – marketing innovation and technological innovation – to understand the role it exercises in satisfaction and subsequent recommendation.

The authors’ objective is to investigate the direct and indirect influence of marketing and technological innovation on satisfaction and word-of-mouth (WOM) through three core constructs: store image, consumer value and store brand equity. SEM methodology is applied on a sample of 820 retail customers of grocery, clothing, furniture an electronics store.

The results show that technological innovation is more important than marketing innovation in shaping image, value and satisfaction. At the same time, store image is the variable that most influences customer satisfaction and that satisfaction is a very significant antecedent of WOM behaviour. Practical implications for retail managers and further research are presented.

The main value of this work has been to go deeper into the study of retail innovation, both in marketing and technologies, and its direct and indirect effects on satisfaction and subsequent recommendation through store image, consumer value and store brand equity. It is a new line of study, which is still fragmented and with little empirical evidence.

This study aims to examine grocery shoppers' beliefs about store attributes as antecedents to shopping value by exploring whether dimensions of store attribute beliefs have differential effects (i.e. strength and direction) on hedonic versus utilitarian shopping value.

Shoppers at three grocery outlets in a Norwegian city were approached. After they had agreed to participate in the survey, they received a package containing an information letter, the questionnaire, and the pre‐paid return envelope. A total of 572 (60 per cent response rate) questionnaires were returned within two weeks of delivery.

Findings from a survey of grocery shoppers suggest that one unique store attribute (e.g. personal interaction) can relate negatively to utilitarian shopping value and positively relate to hedonic shopping value, while others (e.g. physical aspects) may have the opposite valence, or direction to the different dimensions of shopping value.

Future studies should also include not only shopping value antecedents, but also consequences such as repatronage intentions and anticipation, satisfaction, loyalty and positive word of mouth.

Developing adaptive selling techniques and combinations of store layouts may be useful strategies to overcome the differential effects of store attributes on shopping values.

This study shows the differential effects that store attributes can have on shopping value. This research extends previous research, which has focused largely on the main effects of store attributes (i.e. one‐dimensional measures of store attributes), by finding support for significant interactions between the two types of shopping value and dimensions of store attributes.

The main aim of this paper is to examine the role of brand reputation on the impact of value product on perceptions of a premium product from the same brand. As a secondary goal, it tests and extends existing findings from judgment tasks to a choice task.

Two online experiments are presented. In Study 1 (1a and 1b), participants provided quality and price judgments to products. Brand reputation was manipulated by comparing common store brands to non-store brands (Study 1a) and to upscale store brands (Study 1b). In Study 2, we examined whether findings indicating a positive effect of a value store brand on a premium store brand extends to a choice context. Participants made choices between a premium store brand and a national brand in the presence of either a value store brand or a value national brand.

It was found that brand reputation plays an important role in the interplay of products in line extensions. While the positive impact of a value brand on a premium brand is at its strongest level for a regular store brand, it still has a moderate size for a non-store brand without a defined reputation, as well as for an upscale store brand. Second, using a choice task, we reject an important rival explanation for the impact of a value store brand on a premium store brand observed in previous research.

The authors have focused on consumers’ expectations of products. While research has shown that these expectations play an important role in evaluations, future research may directly examine perceptions after consumption. The findings also offer an opportunity for future research to examine the differences in perceptions between store and non-store brands at different positioning levels, as well as other factors that affect brand reputation.

The findings have two practical implications. First, our results indicate that when a manufacturer produces two products in the same category at different levels of quality, there is some benefit in letting consumers know about this relationship. The authors consistently found no negative impact on the brands and often a positive impact on the premium brand. While effects are stronger for common store brands, they are likely to emerge for any type of brand, albeit weaker.

This paper contributes to the nascent literature on multi-tier brands and vertical extensions in several ways. First, the role of brand reputation was examined and how it interacts with positioning in line extension context. Second, we show that the effect of a value brand on a premium brand is stronger for store brands, but still existent for non-store brands. These results offer implications for practice and open opportunities for future research on multi-tier store brands.

Store brands have become consolidated in the food market and are currently considered real brands. The purpose of this paper is to determine the factors that contribute to consumers’ identification with store brands, as well as the possible effect of consumers’ identification with store brands on their loyalty to the retail establishment.

The paper achieves its goal by reviewing the academic literature on the topic and proposing and validating a theoretical model for consumer-store brand identification. The theoretical model is validated through an empirical study of the Spanish market for food products using data gathered from individuals responsible for shopping for their homes who claim to have purchased store brand food products at least once. Structural equations modeling is then used to estimate and perform a multigroup analysis for heavy and light buyers of store brands.

The results obtained reveal, first, that consumers’ store brand identification mediates the relationship between their value consciousness and their loyalty to the retail establishment that manages a broad, competitive portfolio of store brands. Second, the study demonstrates the effect of other variables, such as perceived risk associated with the purchase of store brands, their perceived value and consumer satisfaction. Finally, the results show important differences between heavy and light buyers of store brands.

The main limitations of this research derive from the factors conditioning the information. Store brand value was analyzed on an aggregate level, for the Spanish food products market. Future research should include other store brands (e.g. premium store brands), control for store brands with different labels and expand the area of application to new product categories and new countries.

The results obtained have interesting implications for food retailers. These implications concern the management of value store brands in the product portfolio to achieve loyalty to the retail establishment among value-conscious consumers (who constitute the main target of value store brands).

This paper analyzes consumer brand identification in an area that has not been studied to date: store brands. It contributes interesting and very useful findings for retailers who commercialize these brands in their establishments. The line of research on brand identification is quite new in academic research and has arisen due to the importance for companies of constructing close, lasting connections with the consumer.

This study aims to determine which factors underlie the store attributes that contribute to a particular food store image. Furthermore, heightened recent attention to private labels in the food retailing industry creates the need to assess whether the factors vary, depending on customers' brand proneness and their impact on key marketing performance variables (satisfaction, attitudinal loyalty, behavioural loyalty).

The proposed analysis features 211 questionnaires out of a sample of 391 consumers surveys gathered in four different store formats; 137 of which were completed by consumers who admitting being private label prone, and 74 pertaining to consumers who considered themselves national brand prone. The underlying food store factors were identified using factorial analysis of principal components, and their influence on consumers' satisfaction and loyalty was evaluated with linear parametric regression models.

Store attributes related to providing sufficiently convenient purchasing experiences and a special atmosphere are most important for private label brand-prone consumers and enhance their satisfaction, attitudinal loyalty and behavioural loyalty. For national brand-prone consumers, attributes related to quality are more important for enhancing marketing performance variables.

The results enable a clear identification of food store factors that vary with the consumer segment being considered (private label prone consumers vs. national brand prone), as well as their differential impacts on key marketing performance variables.

To appeal to private label-prone consumers, food retailers should put particular emphasis on the attributes of the store itself, especially those that enhance convenience and the pleasantness of the store atmosphere. To attract national brand-prone consumers, they primarily need to highlight aspects related to quality.

This research emphasises the importance of building competitive strategies in food retailing based on: an increased knowledge about the attributes and factors that food consumers value more highly; and brand type preferences.

This research seeks to investigate how in-store mobile use affects store loyalty directly or indirectly via the mediation of store value and whether social influence moderates such relationships.

Based on a sample of 862 actual customers from a market research company panel, we used structural equation modelling to test a series of research hypotheses.

The results show a positive but weak effect of in-store smartphone use on loyalty. This effect is significantly mediated by the store’s hedonic and symbolic value dimensions, but not by its utilitarian value. This research also uncovers significant moderation effects of social influence on the relationships investigated. The effect of in-store smartphone use on store loyalty is stronger when social influence is lower. However, the effects of hedonic and symbolic store value are stronger when social influence is higher.

This research is carried out in one country (France). It focuses on social influence through in-store mobile phone use; it would also be useful to consider physical social influence.

Retailers should position their stores on specific value dimensions and use social influence appropriately to improve loyalty. For instance, utilitarian value should be offered to customers with low social influence. To prevent negative social influence, retailers could develop “controlled” social influence through their own private mobile app to favour interaction.

This research underlines the critical role of store value and social influence on the relationships between smartphone use and store loyalty. It shows that the effects of value dimensions (utilitarian, hedonic and symbolic) on loyalty differ depending on social influence level.

Retailing business is greatly affected by the patronage behavioral orientations of shoppers. Understanding these orientations can assist retailers in developing appropriate marketing strategies toward meeting the needs and wants of consumers. One important factor explaining consumer behavioral orientations is their values. Another important factor affecting consumer behavioral orientations is the store image, an image shaped by store attributes. This study examines the linkage between consumer values and the importance of some salient store attributes. Marketing management implications are also discussed.

The purpose of this paper is to analyse how five price image dimensions influence shopping intentions for different store formats.

In total, 306 espondents evaluated three stores from a list of 18 retailers on a multiple‐item scale, resulting in 918 price‐image measurements. Based on these data, a covariance structure analysis in Mplus analyses the direct and indirect impact of five price image dimensions on shopping intentions. A multiple group analysis identifies differences in the effects between store formats.

The impact of image dimensions differs substantially between store formats. For discount stores, value for money is by far the most important image dimension. For supermarkets, price level and value are equally important, but price perceptibility and price processibility are also relevant. For organic food stores, value is most important, followed by price processibility and evaluation certainty. For the weekly market, price perceptibility plays a key role in explaining customers' shopping intentions.

The results carry several implications for retail pricing practice, as they indicate that retailers should not focus exclusively on price level competition. Depending on the store format, retailers should attach importance to the price image dimensions in varying degrees.

The study contributes to the literature by: advancing price‐image measurement; modelling direct effects on shopping intentions; analysing a number of different indirect effects in an integrated model; and taking the moderating effects of store format into account.

The purpose of this paper is to establish a measurement process for consumer perceptions and judgments of strategic importance to apparel retailers like hedonic and utilitarian shopping behavior, as well as internal process benchmarks such as apparel brands' names, store signage, and textile preferences. The paper aims to provide a simple, flexible and easy to use measurement technique that can be applied to small samples of respondents in order to capture their overall perceptions and judgments of key interest to management.

Magnitude estimation, along with a repeated measures design, was tested and evaluated based on the validation process put forth by Steven's power law. Data were collected from three focus groups whose respondents were selected based on their store loyalty and prior purchase of women's petit apparel in a discount outlet store. Their responses were benchmarked with those of other competitive discount retailers and with selected internal process measures.

All applications of the measurement technique were validated. Loyal shoppers for apparel purchased in a value store were found to have a preference to a competitive set of value stores but perceived all other discount stores as higher in store shopping experience. Findings were presented to articulate the resolution and clarity of the magnitude‐determined ratio scales versus those of typical interval scales and multi‐attribute measures.

The comparisons provided here are for illustrative purposes only and are based on a selected group of one company's loyal customers during a defined shopping season.

Consumer perceptions of key interest to retail management are shown to be measured and benchmarked in a practical setting using this technique.