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Article
Publication date: 30 May 2019

Pramod Kumar and Amar Nath Sinha

The present research work aims to study the effect of average beam power (laser process parameters) on the overlapping factor, depth of penetration (DOP), weld bead width, fusion…

Abstract

Purpose

The present research work aims to study the effect of average beam power (laser process parameters) on the overlapping factor, depth of penetration (DOP), weld bead width, fusion zone and heat affected zone (HAZ) in laser welding of 304L and st37 steel. Back side and top surface morphology of the welded joints have also been studied for varying average beam power.

Design/methodology/approach

Laser welding of austenitic stainless steel (304L) and carbon steel (st37) was carried out using Nd:YAG laser integrated with ABB IRB 1410 robot in pulse mode. The selection of laser process parameters was based on the specification of available laser welding machine. Dissimilar laser welding of 304L and st37 carbon steel for full depth of penetration have been performed, with varying average beam power (225-510W) and constant welding speed (5mm/s) and pulse width (5ms).

Findings

Recrystallized coarse grains were observed adjacent to the fusion zone and nucleated grains were seen away from the fusion zone towards carbon steel. Overlapping factor and HAZ width st37 side increases with increase in average beam power whereas top weld bead width increases first, attains maximum value and then subsequently decreases. Bottom weld bead width increases with increase in average beam power. The mechanical properties namely microhardness and tensile strength of the welded joints have been investigated with varying average beam power.

Originality/value

In the recent development of the automobile, power generation and petrochemical industries the application of dissimilar laser welding of austenitic stainless steel (304L) and carbon steel (st37) are gaining importance. Very limited work have been reported in pulsed Nd:YAG dissimilar laser welding of austenitic stainless steel (304L) and carbon steel (st37) for investigating the effect of laser process parameters on weld bead geometry, microstructural characterization and mechanical properties of the welded joint.

Details

World Journal of Engineering, vol. 16 no. 3
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1708-5284

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 6 June 2016

Lihua Gong, Qing Xing and Huihuang Wang

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of welding procedure on the corrosion behaviors of weathering steel 09CuPCrNi in marine atmospheric environment. The…

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of welding procedure on the corrosion behaviors of weathering steel 09CuPCrNi in marine atmospheric environment. The corrosion processes of weathering steel 09CuPCrNi and its welded joints in marine atmospheric environment were simulated by a salt spray dry-wet test.

Design/methodology/approach

The corrosion behaviors of the base metal and the welded joints at corrosion times of 2, 4, 8, 12, 24 weeks were investigated by weight loss test, electrochemical techniques, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and electron probe micro-analyzer (EPMA). The corrosion rates, as well as the morphologies and electrochemical characteristics of corrosion products, the distribution of major alloying elements in rust layer were obtained. The influence of welding on the atmospheric corrosion of 09CuPCrNi was studied.

Findings

The results indicate that the corrosion rate of the 09CuPCrNi welded joints decreases gradually with the corrosion time, and the major alloying elements are enriched in the inner rust layer, which are similar to that of the base metal. In the early stage during the corrosion process, the welded joints with inhomogeneous structure show the poorer corrosion resistance than that of the base metal. However, it looks the opposite way around in the late corrosion stage, when the uniform corrosion products with even thickness of the base metal tend to detach from the substrate easier and earlier and resulting in cracks, which increase the corrosion rate comparatively with that of the welded joints.

Originality/value

09CuPCrNi low alloy steel is a kind of typical weathering steel developed in China which is similar to Corten A developed by USA. Nowadays, 09CuPCrNi low alloy steel is widely adopted in many fields which require welding processes. In the past years, the research of weathering steel welded joints was mainly concentrated on the strength, toughness and weldability. Less work has been done to investigate the difference of corrosion evolution and characteristics between the base metal and its welded joints. Thus, the main objective of the present work was to analyze the influence of welding on the atmospheric corrosion.

Details

Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials, vol. 63 no. 4
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0003-5599

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 18 August 2021

Chuanbo Zheng, Cheng Zhang, Xiao Yong Wang and Jie Gu

Duplex stainless steel is composed of equal amounts of austenite and ferrite, which has excellent corrosion resistance and strength. However, after the metal was welded, the ratio…

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Abstract

Purpose

Duplex stainless steel is composed of equal amounts of austenite and ferrite, which has excellent corrosion resistance and strength. However, after the metal was welded, the ratio of austenite and ferrite in the joint is unbalanced, and secondary phase precipitates are produced, which is also an important cause of pitting corrosion in the joint.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper aims to study the mechanical and corrosion behavior of welded joints, by adjusting the welding parameters of laser hybrid welding, dual heat sources are used to weld 2205 duplex stainless steel. The two-phase content of different parts of the welded joint is measured to study the influence of the ratio of the two-phase on the mechanical and corrosion properties of the joint.

Findings

The ratio of austenite and ferrite in different welded joints has an obvious difference, and from top to bottom, the austenite content decreased gradually, and the ferrite content increased gradually. The harmful phases are precipitated in the middle and lower part of the joint. The strength of welded joints is slightly lower than that of base metal. At the same time, the fracture analysis shows that some ferrite phases are affected by the precipitate in the grain and produce quasi-cleavage fracture. The corrosion results show that the corrosion resistance of the welded joints is lower than that of the base metal, and the concentration of chloride ions affects the corrosion resistance.

Originality/value

In this paper, the authors use the influence of different welding processes on the two-phase ratio of the joint to further study the influence of the microstructure on the corrosion resistance and mechanical properties of the weld.

Details

Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials, vol. 68 no. 5
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0003-5599

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 1 February 2008

P. Sathiya, S. Aravindan and A. Noorul Haq

Friction welding is a solid state bonding process, where the joint between two metals has been established without melting the metal. The relative motion between the faying…

Abstract

Friction welding is a solid state bonding process, where the joint between two metals has been established without melting the metal. The relative motion between the faying surfaces (surfaces to be joined) under the application of pressure promotes surface interaction, friction and heat generation which subsequently results in joint formation. Stainless steel is an iron based alloy, contains various combinations of other elements to give desired characteristics, and found a wider range of applications in the areas such as petro‐chemical, fertilizer, automotive, food processing, cryogenic, nuclear and beverage sectors. In order to exploit the complete advantages of stainless steels, suitable joining techniques are highly demanded. The Friction welding is an easily integrated welding method of stainless steel, which considered as non‐weldable through fusion welding. Grain coarsening, creep failure and failure at heat‐affected zone are the major limitations of fusion welding of similar stainless steels. Friction welding eliminates such pitfalls. In the present work an attempt is made to investigate experimentally, the mechanical and metallurgical properties of friction welded joints, namely, austenitic stainless steel (AISI 304) and ferritic stainless steel (AISI 430). Evaluation of the characteristics of welded similar stainless steel joints are carried out through tensile test, hardness measurement and metallurgical investigations.

Details

Multidiscipline Modeling in Materials and Structures, vol. 4 no. 2
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1573-6105

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 30 August 2011

Yoshihiro Sakino, Yuji Sano and You‐Chul Kim

Laser peening without coating (LPwC) is an innovative surface enhancement technology for introducing compressive residual stress in metallic materials. The purpose of this study…

Abstract

Purpose

Laser peening without coating (LPwC) is an innovative surface enhancement technology for introducing compressive residual stress in metallic materials. The purpose of this study is to examine the characteristic at the laser‐peened welded zone and the fatigue lives of the welding joints.

Design/methodology/approach

LPwC conditions for 490 MPa grades of structural steels were selected. By using the conditions, the characteristic at the laser‐peened welded zone, residual stresses, hardness and roughness of welding toes were examined. Moreover, the fatigue lives of the toes of box‐welded joints and butt welded joints pre‐treated by LPwC were compared to the fatigue lives of those that were not pre‐treated by LPwC.

Findings

The main results are: LPwC conditions for 490 MPa grade steels were established; residual stresses, Vickers hardness and roughness at the laser‐peened welded zone were revealed; and LPwC can dramatically extend the fatigue life of welded joint.

Originality/value

The effects of LPwC on structural steels, which are widely used in bridge members, have not been well clarified; the effect of LPwC on welded zones in these structures is particularly unclear. If LPwC can be carried out such that compressive residual stress is imparted on structural steels and the welded zones in the bridge members, the fatigue lives of bridge members will be greatly increased. The paper fills some of these gaps.

Details

International Journal of Structural Integrity, vol. 2 no. 3
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1757-9864

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 13 August 2020

Mayur Pratap Singh, Dinesh Kumar Shukla, Rajneesh Kumar and Kanwer Singh Arora

The key purpose of conducting this review is to identify the issues that affect the structural integrity of pipeline structures. Heat affected zone (HAZ) has been identified as…

Abstract

Purpose

The key purpose of conducting this review is to identify the issues that affect the structural integrity of pipeline structures. Heat affected zone (HAZ) has been identified as the weak zone in pipeline welds which is prone to have immature failures

Design/methodology/approach

In the present work, literature review is conducted on key issues related to the structural integrity of pipeline steel welds. Mechanical and microstructural transformations that take place during welding have been systematically reviewed in the present review paper.

Findings

Key findings of the present review underline the role of brittle microstructure phases, and hard secondary particles present in the matrix are responsible for intergranular and intragranular cracks.

Research limitations/implications

The research limitations of the present review are new material characterization techniques that are not available in developing countries.

Practical implications

The practical limitations are new test methodologies and associated cost.

Social implications

The fracture of pipelines significantly affects the surrounding ecology. The continuous spillage of oil pollutes the land and water of the surroundings.

Originality/value

The present review contains recent and past studies conducted on welded pipeline steel structures. The systematic analysis of studies conducted so far highlights various bottlenecks of the welding methods.

Details

International Journal of Structural Integrity, vol. 12 no. 3
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1757-9864

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 13 March 2019

Guo Yi, Junhua Xu and Chuanbo Zheng

There are obvious differences in corrosion resistance of different 2205 welding joints with different ratios of austenite and ferrite, from the top to the bottom, the austenite…

Abstract

Purpose

There are obvious differences in corrosion resistance of different 2205 welding joints with different ratios of austenite and ferrite, from the top to the bottom, the austenite content decreased gradually while the ferrite increased. In each region of welded joint, the pitting resistance number of ferrite is higher than that of austenite; pitting corrosion is more likely to occur in austenite phase first on the top region of the weld and in the secondary phase precipitates on the other regions of the weld. The fluctuation of the ratio of austenite and ferrite has a great influence on performance of passive film in 3.5 per cent NaCl solution.

Design/methodology/approach

To study the corrosion behavior of welded joint, the samples were obtained by laser hybrid welding. Pitting corrosion was studied in different area of welded joint. The Mott–Schottky curves of welded joints were measured to study the passive film on the different welded joint area.

Findings

Due to the difference of heat input and the limit of filler depth of the wire, the microstructure of duplex stainless steel laser welding joint has obvious difference in the thickness direction. In addition, there will be harmful secondary phase (such as chromium nitride and σphase) precipitates in the lower part of the joint. For the welded joint, the corrosion resistance decreases with the increase in the difference of the microstructure. Pitting corrosion usually takes the two phases as the nucleation point and grows up. The surface of 2205 duplex stainless steel laser hybrid welding joint cannot form a complete passive film in 3.5 per cent NaCl solution, and the more the ratios of austenite and ferrite deviate from equilibrium position (50:50), the worse the performance of passive film is.

Originality/value

In this paper, the authors attempt to establish the correlation between the semiconductor electronic properties of passive film and the difference of microstructures and the component in a joint welded by laser hybrid welding. The effect of passive film on the corrosion resistance of the weld was further investigated.

Details

Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials, vol. 66 no. 3
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0003-5599

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 1 April 2006

M. Rogante, V.T. Lebedev, S. Kralj, L. Rosta and Törö

This paper addresses important technical problems related with methodological limitations of welding project methods currently adopted, mostly regarding numerical modelling…

Abstract

This paper addresses important technical problems related with methodological limitations of welding project methods currently adopted, mostly regarding numerical modelling procedure of welding processes. The progress in high nano‐technologies give rise to the same approaches to be applied in traditional mechanics and material science, really concerning welding processes using various methods and techniques. Recent investigations of welded joints have shown the benefits related to the employment of neutron techniques, to obtain substantial information advancing quality and durability that cannot be found by using other means. Small Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS) and Neutron Diffraction (ND), in particular, consent materials characterization at atomic and nanoscale level, offering to the existing technologies the essential contribution of precise structural methods. The basic theoretical aspects are described, and some SANS investigations of weldments are reported. An experimental programme has been recently projected to develop welding processes, with quality assurance improvement, safety enhancement, life‐time management and cost effectiveness of the considered joints.

Details

Multidiscipline Modeling in Materials and Structures, vol. 2 no. 4
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1573-6105

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 14 July 2023

Bo Liu, Yue-dong Wang, Zhe Zhang and Qi Dong

This paper aims to study and modify the notch equivalent stress method, as well as to establish the notch equivalent stress range S–N curve and apply it to the fatigue assessment…

Abstract

Purpose

This paper aims to study and modify the notch equivalent stress method, as well as to establish the notch equivalent stress range S–N curve and apply it to the fatigue assessment of engineering examples.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper studies the notch equivalent stress method and puts forward the concept of “singular equivalent crack”. Combined with the fatigue test results, by proposing to consider the singular coefficient of the transition angle of the welded structure and the introduction of material correction factors, this paper derives the notch equivalent stress equation for commonly used welded joints applicable to steel, and finally establishes the notch equivalent stress range of the S–N curve.

Findings

The obtained results show that the dispersion of fatigue data is 65.6 and 75.4% for T-joints and transverse cross-joints, respectively, under S–N curves using notched equivalent stress compared to the nominal stress range. The fatigue evaluation error of the modified notch equivalent stress equation for transverse cross welded joints improved by 50.65%, 53.1 and 39.6% on average, respectively, compared to the original other methods. The fatigue evaluation error for T-joints improved by 13.4 and 13.9%, respectively, compared to the original other methods.

Originality/value

There are relatively few studies on the fatigue assessment of notch equivalent stress method. In this paper, the notch equivalent stress method is studied and modified to improve the accuracy of fatigue assessment of welded structures with singular stresses.

Details

International Journal of Structural Integrity, vol. 14 no. 4
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1757-9864

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 25 September 2009

Mumin Sahin

The purpose of this paper is to investigate mechanical and metallurgical variations at interfaces of commercial austenitic‐stainless steel and copper materials welded by friction…

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate mechanical and metallurgical variations at interfaces of commercial austenitic‐stainless steel and copper materials welded by friction welding.

Design/methodology/approach

In this paper, austenitic‐stainless commercial steel and copper materials are welded using the friction welding method. The optimum parameters are obtained for the joints. The joints are applied to the tensile and micro‐hardness tests. Then, micro‐ and macro‐photos of the joints are examined.

Findings

It is found that some of the welds show poor strength depending on some accumulation of alloying elements at the interface result of temperature rise and the existence of intermetallic layers.

Research limitations/implications

It would be interesting to search about the toughness values and fatigue behaviour of the joints. It could be a good idea for future work to concentrate on the friction welding of these materials.

Practical implications

Friction welding can be achieved at high‐production rates and therefore is economical in operation. In applications where friction welding has replaced other joining processes, the production rate has been increased substantially.

Originality/value

The main value of this paper is to contribute to the literature on friction welding of dissimilar materials.

Details

Industrial Lubrication and Tribology, vol. 61 no. 6
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0036-8792

Keywords

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