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Article
Publication date: 1 March 2002

ROBERT G. TOMPKINS

The depth and breadth of the market for contingent claims, including exotic options, has expanded dramatically. Regulators have expressed concern regarding the risks of exotics to…

Abstract

The depth and breadth of the market for contingent claims, including exotic options, has expanded dramatically. Regulators have expressed concern regarding the risks of exotics to the financial system, due to the difficulty of hedging these instruments. Recent literature focuses on the difficulties in hedging exotic options, e.g., liquidity risk and other violations of the standard Black‐Scholes model. This article provides insight into hedging problems associated with exotic options: 1) hedging in discrete versus continuous time, 2) transaction costs, 3) stochastic volatility, and 4) non‐constant correlation. The author applies simulation analysis of these problems to a variety of exotics, including Asian options, barrier options, look‐back options, and quanto options.

Details

The Journal of Risk Finance, vol. 3 no. 4
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1526-5943

Article
Publication date: 1 June 2005

Erkka Näsäkkälä and Jussi Keppo

We consider the partial hedging of stochastic electricity load pattern with static forward strategies. We assume that the company under consideration maximizes the risk adjusted…

Abstract

We consider the partial hedging of stochastic electricity load pattern with static forward strategies. We assume that the company under consideration maximizes the risk adjusted expected value of its electricity cash flows. First, we calculate an optimal hedge ratio and after that we use this hedge ratio to solve the optimal hedging time. Our results indicate, for instance that agents with high load volatility hedge later than agents that have low load volatility. Moreover, negative correlation between forwards and electricity load pattern postpones the hedging timing.

Details

Managerial Finance, vol. 31 no. 6
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0307-4358

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 1 January 2002

MARK H.A. DAVIS, WALTER SCHACHERMAYER and ROBERT G. TOMPKINS

This article discusses static hedges for installment options, which are finding broad application in cases where the option‐buyer may reduce up‐front premium costs via early…

Abstract

This article discusses static hedges for installment options, which are finding broad application in cases where the option‐buyer may reduce up‐front premium costs via early termination of an option. An installment option is a European option in which the premium, instead of being paid up front, is paid in a series of installments. If all installments are paid, the holder receives the exercise value, but the holder has the right terminate payments on any payment date, in which case the option lapses with no further payments on either side. The authors summarize pricing and risk management concepts for these options, in particular, using static hedges to obtain both no‐arbitrage pricing bounds and very effective hedging strategies with almost no vega risk.

Details

The Journal of Risk Finance, vol. 3 no. 2
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1526-5943

Article
Publication date: 29 November 2018

Varuna Kharbanda and Archana Singh

Corporate treasurers manage the currency risk of their organization by hedging through futures contracts. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the effectiveness of hedging by…

Abstract

Purpose

Corporate treasurers manage the currency risk of their organization by hedging through futures contracts. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the effectiveness of hedging by US currency futures contracts by taking into account the efficiency of the currency market.

Design/methodology/approach

The static models for calculating hedge ratio are as popular as dynamic models. But the main disadvantage with the static models is that they do not consider important properties of time series like autocorrelation and heteroskedasticity of the residuals and also ignore the cointegration of the market variables which indicate short-run market disequilibrium. The present study, therefore, measures the hedging effectiveness in the US currency futures market using two dynamic models – constant conditional correlation multivariate generalized ARCH (CCC-MGARCH) and dynamic conditional correlation multivariate GARCH (DCC-MGARCH).

Findings

The study finds that both the dynamic models used in the study provide similar results. The relative comparison of CCC-MGARCH and DCC-MGARCH models shows that CCC-MGARCH provides better hedging effectiveness result, and thus, should be preferred over the other model.

Practical implications

The findings of the study are important for the company treasurers since the new updated Indian accounting standards (Ind-AS), applicable from the financial year 2016–2017, make it mandatory for the companies to evaluate the effectiveness of hedges. These standards do not specify a quantitative method of evaluation but provide the flexibility to the companies in choosing an appropriate method which justifies their risk management objective. These results are also useful for the policy makers as they can specify and list the appropriate methods for evaluating the hedge effectiveness in the currency market.

Originality/value

Majorly, the studies on Indian financial market limit themselves to either examining the efficiency of that market or to evaluate the effectiveness of the hedges undertaken. Moreover, most of such works focus on the stock market or the commodity market in India. This is one of the first studies which bring together the concepts of efficiency of the market and effectiveness of the hedges in the Indian currency futures market.

Details

International Journal of Emerging Markets, vol. 13 no. 6
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1746-8809

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 1 May 2018

Haykel Hamdi and Jihed Majdoub

Risk governance has an important influence on the hedging performances in option pricing and portfolio hedging in both discrete and dynamic case for both conventional and Islamic…

Abstract

Purpose

Risk governance has an important influence on the hedging performances in option pricing and portfolio hedging in both discrete and dynamic case for both conventional and Islamic indexes. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper explores option pricing and portfolio hedging in a discrete and dynamic case with transaction costs. Monte Carlo simulations are applied to both conventional and Islamic indexes in US and UK markets. Simulations show that conventional and Islamic assets do not exhibit the same price and portfolio hedging strategy governance.

Findings

The authors conclude that Islamic assets show different option price and hedging strategy compared to their conventional counterpart.

Originality/value

The research question of this paper aims at filling the gap in the empirical literature by exploring option price and hedging structure for both conventional and Islamic indexes in US and UK stock markets.

Details

Managerial Finance, vol. 44 no. 5
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0307-4358

Keywords

Book part
Publication date: 27 February 2009

Donald Lien

This chapter adopts value at risk (VaR) to analyze the hedge timing issue. Suppose that a producer, at a give time, recognizes the possible need of a futures contract for risk…

Abstract

This chapter adopts value at risk (VaR) to analyze the hedge timing issue. Suppose that a producer, at a give time, recognizes the possible need of a futures contract for risk reduction purpose. Should the producer trade in the futures market immediately or should he wait? Conditions are characterized under which delaying the hedge decision is preferred as it produces a smaller VaR. For an efficient futures market, it appears that the producer is better off delaying the hedge decision as long as possible. However, strong backwardation promotes early hedging.

Details

Research in Finance
Type: Book
ISBN: 978-1-84855-447-4

Article
Publication date: 5 January 2022

Sayantan Bandhu Majumder

This paper aims to evaluate the hedging and safe haven properties of gold, cryptocurrency and commodities against the Indian equity market.

Abstract

Purpose

This paper aims to evaluate the hedging and safe haven properties of gold, cryptocurrency and commodities against the Indian equity market.

Design/methodology/approach

First, the authors estimate the hedging and safe haven abilities of gold, cryptocurrency and commodities for the Indian stock market and further verify whether such properties vary across the broad stock market indices and over the different degrees of market volatility. Second, the authors use the multivariate GARCH framework to calculate the dynamic hedge ratios and hedging efficiencies to compare the hedging properties of the alternative asset classes. Third, the authors verify the robustness of the general findings during the recent crisis emanating from the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Findings

Gold, cryptocurrency and most commodities have significant hedging abilities. Only natural gas, crude oil and aluminum, on the other hand, have safe haven property. Neither gold nor cryptocurrency qualifies as a safe haven asset. On the other hand, the financialization of the Indian commodities market provides a significant dividend to investors in terms of hedging and safe haven capabilities. The authors find the least negative hedge ratio and the highest positive hedging effectiveness for the stock-crude oil and stock-natural gas portfolios. The central observations of the paper remain immune to the COVID crisis.

Originality/value

Focusing on the Indian equity market, the paper compares the diversification abilities of traditional assets like gold with those of the modern class of assets, including cryptocurrency and other commodities.

Details

Indian Growth and Development Review, vol. 15 no. 1
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1753-8254

Keywords

Book part
Publication date: 1 May 2012

Kevin Jones

Midwest Independent Transmission System Operator, Inc. (MISO) is a nonprofit regional transmission organization (RTO) that oversees electricity production and transmission across…

Abstract

Midwest Independent Transmission System Operator, Inc. (MISO) is a nonprofit regional transmission organization (RTO) that oversees electricity production and transmission across 13 states and 1 Canadian province. MISO also operates an electronic exchange for buying and selling electricity for each of its five regional hubs.

MISO oversees two types of markets. The forward market, which is referred to as the day-ahead (DA) market, allows market participants to place demand bids and supply offers on electricity to be delivered at a specified hour the following day. The equilibrium price, known as the locational marginal price (LMP), is determined by MISO after receiving sale offers and purchase bids from market participants. MISO also coordinates a spot market, which is known as the real-time (RT) market. Traders in the RT market must submit bids and offers by 30minutes prior to the hour for which the trade will be executed. After receiving purchase and sale offers for a given hour in the RT market, MISO then determines the LMP for that particular hour.

The existence of the DA and RT markets allows producers and retailers to hedge against the large fluctuations that are common in electricity prices. Hedge ratios on the MISO exchange are estimated using various techniques. No hedge ratio technique examined consistently outperforms the unhedged portfolio in terms of variance reduction. Consequently, none of the hedge ratio methods in this study meet the general interpretation of FASB guidelines for a highly effective hedge.

Details

Research in Finance
Type: Book
ISBN: 978-1-78052-752-9

Article
Publication date: 24 February 2020

Varuna Kharbanda and Archana Singh

The purpose of this paper is to measure the effectiveness of the hedging with futures currency contracts. Measuring the effectiveness of hedging has become mandatory for Indian…

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to measure the effectiveness of the hedging with futures currency contracts. Measuring the effectiveness of hedging has become mandatory for Indian companies as the new Indian accounting standards, Ind-AS, specify that the effectiveness of hedges taken by the companies should be evaluated using quantitative methods but leaves it to the company to choose a method of evaluation.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper compares three models for evaluating the effectiveness of hedge – ordinary least square (OLS), vector error correction model (VECM) and dynamic conditional correlation multivariate GARCH (DCC-MGARCH) model. The OLS and VECM are the static models, whereas DCC-MGARCH is a dynamic model.

Findings

The overall results of the study show that dynamic model (DCC-MGARCH) is a better model for calculating the hedge effectiveness as it outperforms OLS and VECM models.

Practical implications

The new Indian accounting standards (Ind-AS) mandates the calculation of hedge effectiveness. The results of this study are useful for the treasurers in identifying appropriate method for evaluation of hedge effectiveness. Similarly, policymakers and auditors are benefitted as the study provides clarity on different methods of evaluation of hedging effectiveness.

Originality/value

Many previous studies have evaluated the efficiency of the Indian currency futures market, but with rising importance of hedging in the Indian companies, Reserve Bank of India’s initiatives and encouragement for the use of futures for hedging the currency risk and now the mandatory accounting requirement for measuring hedging effectiveness, it has become more relevant to evaluate the effectiveness of hedge. To the authors’ best knowledge, this is one of the first few papers which evaluate the effectiveness of the currency future hedging.

Details

Journal of Asia Business Studies, vol. 14 no. 5
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1558-7894

Keywords

Open Access
Article
Publication date: 28 February 2015

In Joon Kim and Dong Haeng Lee

This research looks into hedge strategies to resolve foreign exchange-related risks, generated when investing in overseas financial assets, as an example of quantity risk. If an…

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Abstract

This research looks into hedge strategies to resolve foreign exchange-related risks, generated when investing in overseas financial assets, as an example of quantity risk. If an investor has information with no uncertainty over the volume and there is only a price risk he want to hedge, an investor will be able to reduce or eliminate risks by using relative derivative securities such as forwards or futures contracts. However, if there are uncertainties over the volume of hedging targets that is called quantity risk, it is impossible to set the optimal hedge ratio with the traditional method without considering the presence of quantity risk. In this paper, we theoretically draw an optimal hedge ratio which is estimated via minimal variance criterion under static hedge structure. We also analyze its hedge performance and the impact of change in covariance on the optimal hedge ratio and variance of investment return denominated as its own country currency. For theoretical approach, we review the impact that overseas financial assets’ yield and exchanges rates distribution will have on optimal hedge ratio through simple numerical analysis. Empirical analysis is carried out by using the stock indices of the U.S., Europe and Asian countries, and the results indicate that hedge strategies taken with quantity risk for all markets produced better hedging performance than the strategies taken without quantity risk. Since there is a need for systematic research on risks involving foreign exchanges that occur in the event of foreign investments aimed to develop the domestic financial industry, we hope that our research serve as a stepping-stone for further research.

Details

Journal of Derivatives and Quantitative Studies, vol. 23 no. 1
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 2713-6647

Keywords

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