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The purpose of this paper is to examine the applicability of Prochaska and colleagues' “stages of change model,” which has generated substantial support in the therapeutic literature as a useful framework for understanding the dynamics of motivation to change problem behaviors, in a leadership development context.

A group of over 70 supervisors/managers was studied over a period of nine months as they participated in a company‐sponsored leadership development effort.

Results provide initial evidence that the stages of change model has the potential for being reliably and validly assessed in a leadership development context. Participants' stage scores related in meaningful ways to relevant criteria such as job attitudes, perceptions of personal leadership areas needing improvement, and evaluations of actual development module content and presentation over a nine‐month period.

Participants were drawn from only one organization and this was the first major leadership development effort undertaken by this organization.

Study results provide support for the appropriateness of applying the stages of change model and its measurement in a leadership development context. Results demonstrate that the stages of change model appears to offer useful and pragmatic insight into motivation to learn and on improving the effectiveness of leadership development activities.

The present study is unique in that makes use of a stages of change model to empirically examine differential patterns of relationships between participants' stages of change and their organizational attitudes, leadership developmental needs, and longitudinal reactions to the development effort.

The purpose of this research is to examine the organizational stages of change construct of the transtheoretical model of behavior change.

Data on organizational and individual stages of change for tobacco reduction, physical activity promotion, and heart healthy eating promotion were collected from service provider, senior management, and board level members of provincial health authorities across three data collection periods.

Results revealed significant correlations between individual and organizational stages of change for management level respondents, but inconsistent relationships for service providers and no significant correlations for board level respondents. There were no significant differences between respondent levels for organizational stage of change for any of the promotion behaviors. In general, changes in stage failed to predict whether there was a belief in an organization's capability of addressing any of the health promotion activities. There was also a large amount of variance between individual respondents for most health authorities in their reported organizational stages of change for physical activity and healthy eating.

Based on the results of the present study it is concluded that there is little evidence that the organizational stages of change construct is valid. The evidence indicates that assessing individual readiness within an organization may be as effective as asking individuals to report on organizational stages of readiness.

This paper reports on the validity of the organizational stages of change construct in a health promotion context and provides information for those who are considering using it.

The purpose of this paper is to explore the use of qualitative approaches to add depth and insight to understanding concerning the issues involved when consumers try to make changes in their behaviour. The context of this study is people trying to make and sustain changes to their dietary behaviour. Taking Prochaska and Di Clemente's Stages of Change model as the starting point, this paper marks a departure from other work in the behavioural change area in so far as a qualitative approach is adopted rather than a quantitative perspective.

This study was longitudinal in design and the data presented concern groups of people who were categorized as belonging to stages of change and who followed a similar stage of change pattern over a period of 18 months (according to the Stage of Change algorithm described by Curry et al.).

By examining peoples' behaviour changes in depth, the similarities and differences in their attitudes and motivations are revealed in terms of their dietary behaviour change and maintenance of change. This provides a more refined understanding of how people make changes and maintain them over time.

While focusing only on a small number of people, the weaknesses of the Stages of Change model is demonstrated and how qualitative research approaches can be used to add depth and meaning to quantitative methodologies popular in the social marketing domain.

This paper demonstrates that the Stages of Change model has value in categorizing people into stages of change and measuring these changes over time but is limited in its ability to develop understanding of the lived experience of trying to change behaviour.

This study aims to provide empirical evidence and a different perspective on the relevance of the traditional marketing mix in social marketing programmes. This is a response to the ongoing debate about the (in)compatibility of the traditional marketing mix (the 4Ps) in the field of social marketing. In doing so, this study examines the important role that the stages of behaviour change play in influencing the effectiveness of traditional marketing mix elements in the context of recycling in South African households.

This study follows a quantitative method, relying on a survey of 699 heads of households in South Africa. Multigroup analysis and structural equation modelling were applied to test the impact of stages of changes on the potential effect of marketing mix elements on the intention to recycle household waste.

The results established that although the traditional marketing mix elements have a marginal effect on the intention to recycle household waste, further analyses revealed that this impact of the marketing mix is contingent on the stage of change in which the target audience is found. Thus, the findings indicated that the marketing mix elements significantly influence the intention to recycle when the target audience is at the contemplation and preparation phases.

Whilst both critics and proponents of the adoption of the traditional marketing mix in social marketing initiatives have provided relevant arguments, the debate had remained largely theoretical. This study discusses the limitations of the traditional marketing mix in behaviour change programmes and the need for a segmented approach based on the stages of behaviour change when using the 4Ps. However, given the hegemony of the 4Ps in the social marketing literature, this study sheds light on the appropriate “Ps” to activate to influence recycling behavioural intention at different stages of change.

The aim of this study is to investigate perceptions of cycle commuting barriers in relation to stage of change, gender and occupational role. Stage of change is a key construct of the transtheoretical model of behaviour change that defines behavioural readiness (intentions and actions) into five distinct categories.

A cross‐sectional online questionnaire was completed by staff and PhD students (n=831) based in cycle‐friendly buildings in a large UK university. The questionnaire included questions relating to demographics, stages of behaviour change and 18 potential barriers. Data were analysed using t‐tests, one‐way ANOVAs and two‐way ANOVAs.

Overall, environmental factors were perceived as the biggest barriers to cycle commuting. However, perceptions of cycle commuting barriers significantly differed between stages of change, genders and occupational roles. Precontemplators, females and support staff commonly perceived greater barriers to cycle commuting compared to maintainers, males and academic staff.

The results indicate that tailored individual‐level behaviour change interventions focusing on reducing perceptions of barriers that take into account stage of change, gender and occupational differences may play a role in encouraging people to cycle to work.

The study reveals evidence of a significant subjective element involved in perception formation of some potential barriers associated with cycle commuting. Women not only hold stronger perceptions compared to males of risk‐orientated barriers but also of more general barriers associated with cycle commuting. The findings also suggest that occupational roles may influence an individual's perceptions of cycle commuting barriers.

Phishing remains a major cybersecurity problem. Mainly adopting variance approaches, researchers have suggested several recommendations to help users avoid being victimized in phishing attacks. However, the evidence suggests that anti-phishing recommendations are not very effective. The purpose of this paper is threefold: first, to analyze why the existing anti-phishing recommendations may not be very effective; second, to propose stage theorizing as an additional approach for studying phishing that can contribute toward more effective recommendations; and third, to demonstrate using a stage theory, how IS researchers can utilize the concept of stages in phishing research.

The study draws on findings from previous empirical phishing research to assess whether the reasons why people are victimized in phishing attacks can be categorized into stages. The criteria for stages of the Transtheoretical Model (TTM) are used as an example.

Analysis indicates support for the existence of stages of phishing victims. The criteria for stages of the TTM were applied to the reasons that subjects in previous studies gave for clicking on phishing links and to the anti-phishing recommendations proposed in previous studies. There was overall support for four of the five criteria of the TTM. The results from the current study indicate that a targeted approach is a better approach to proposing anti-phishing recommendations.

The analysis identified the stages of phishing victims and the processes of change for each stage. It is suggested that recommendations against phishing should target individuals based on their resident stages. Moreover, the processes of change should be applied to the correct stage for the recommendations to be effective.

From a phishing perspective, there is a lack of research based on stage theorizing. The current study presents stage theorizing as an additional approach to the existing approaches and demonstrates how a stage theory can be used to make more effective recommendations against phishing. The study has thrown light on the benefits of stage theorizing and how its approach to targeted recommendations can be useful in IS security research.

Young adults frequently engage in sub-optimal dietary behaviours, such as inadequate intakes of fruits and vegetables and excessive consumption of take-out meals. Theory-based interventions are suggested to promote dietary change. The transtheoretical model is an example that stages an individual’s readiness to change behaviours as precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action and maintenance, and includes a series of processes that help people move between stages. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether self-reported usual dietary intakes of fruits and vegetables and take-out foods differ by reported stage-of-change.

Cross-sectional data from 250 overweight young adults, aged 18-35 years, who enrolled in a lifestyle intervention to prevent weight gain are analysed. Participant’s stage-of-change for increasing fruit and vegetable intakes and reducing take-out foods is determined using staging algorithms. This is compared with self-reported dietary intakes over the past month using a food frequency questionnaire. Differences in intakes and variety by stage-of-change are compared for fruits, vegetables and take-out foods.

Take-out foods differed between stages (p < 0.0001), with lower weekly intakes in action (309 g) and maintenance (316 g) compared with preparation (573 g). Daily fruit intakes and variety scores varied by stage-of-change (p < 0.0001), being highest for action and maintenance (261 g and 263 g, respectively, and variety scores of 1 and 2) compared with precontemplation, contemplation and preparation (all = 100 g and 0 for variety). Daily vegetable consumption and variety scores differed by stage (p = 0.009 and p = 0.025, respectively) being highest for action/maintenance (204 g and 2 for variety) versus precontemplation and preparation (<110 g daily and Variety 1).

The finding of no differences in intakes between precontemplation, contemplation or preparation stages implies that the adoption of the dietary behaviours is not a continuum but a move from pre-action to actioning the target intakes. This means that for planning health promotion and dietary counselling, assigning people to the three different pre-action stages may be unnecessary.

This study is the first to examine the congruence of self-reported readiness to change behaviour with dietary intakes of take-out foods as well as variety of fruit and vegetables in overweight young adults.

Describes a study which applied the stages of change model formulated by Prochaska and DiClemente to consumer use of food labels. A total of 165 students completed a self‐report questionnaire measuring stages of change, decisional balance, dietary behaviour and food choice motivations. The percentage of participants classified into each stage was as follows: precontemplation 30.0, contemplation 4.5, action 16.4 and maintenance 49.1. Significant associations with stage of change and decisional balance were observed. In addition, consumption of fruit and fatty foods was associated with stage of change as was a range of motivational factors in food choice.

This conceptual paper aims to add context and support to the field of Motivating Language Theory around the area of change and transformation. With this paper, the direction and shape of the change within the field of Motivating Language Theory for practitioners and scholars alike has been expanded.

The design and approach of this conceptual paper is to expand upon the existing literature to create a new framework for organizational learning and a new model for leadership development to support change and change leadership through the integration of Kotter’s Stages of Change, Bolman and Deal’s Four-Frame Model, and Motivating Language Theory. The “methodology” is the infusion of the W. Author & S. Colleague Four-Frame-MLT model with the Bolman & Deal and Kotter – Four-Frame model into one seamless MLT supported/driven Four-Frame change model.

The findings of this conceptual paper are in the form of an integration table that integrates the Bolman and Deal (2021) Kotter Stages of Change and the Four Frames with Motivating Language Forms and Constructs based upon ideas and assertions (guidance) from the Kotter (2007) article. These findings highlight the three concrete steps of the infused model (1) identify the appropriate Stage of Change, (2) select the best frame or frames that address the stage of change, and (3) utilize the appropriate MLT form (action) and construct (language) to execute the change effectively.

The originality of this conceptual paper is in the fusion of Kotter’s Stages of Change, the Bolman and Deal Four-Frames, and Motivating Language Theory. The three components have not been brought together before this paper. In terms of value, this conceptual paper creates an opportunity for those in the real world to have a useful framework to explore change, action/communication, and leadership. For those in academic positions, this paper creates a new starting point for exploring motivating language theory and change.

Drawing on the transtheoretical model (TTM) into the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) framework, this study aims to understand the factors affecting the intention of Malaysian consumers to boycott products and services from companies perceived to be supporting or funding Israel and identify specific TPB variables that are important at each stage of change.

Data collected were based on an online survey among 177 respondents working in Malaysian conglomerates based in Kuala Lumpur.

The results show moderate intention to participate in the boycott among the respondents with attitude towards boycott, subjective norm and perceived behavioural control of boycott have significant relationship with intention to participate in the boycott towards Israel. The study also found significant linear increases of TPB constructs across the stages of change, which indicated significant influence of all TPB constructs at each stage of change.

Consumer boycott is not unheard of in Malaysia, but empirical research in the area is still lacking. As markets expand, the consumers also evolve to become more knowledgeable and ethical in their consumption, sometimes choosing to boycott to coerce the companies or brands to be environmentally, ethically and socially responsible. Findings from this study are expected to benefit NGOs or associations that intend to develop more effective campaigns to encourage consumers to use boycott to drive social or ethical causes.