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21 – 30 of over 3000Makoto Nakazawa, Masayuki Yoshida and Brian S. Gordon
Integrating several streams of theoretical reasoning such as social identity theory, congruity theory and the customer gratitude approach, the purpose of this paper is to develop…
Abstract
Purpose
Integrating several streams of theoretical reasoning such as social identity theory, congruity theory and the customer gratitude approach, the purpose of this paper is to develop a model of the antecedents and consequences of sponsor-stadium fit and examine the hypothesised relationships.
Design/methodology/approach
Data were collected from professional football spectators in a non-historic stadium context (n=342). Through a confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modelling, the authors assessed the antecedents and consequences of sponsor-stadium fit.
Findings
Based on the results, team identification and prior sponsor attitude were found to be the dominant factors in enhancing sponsor-stadium fit. Furthermore, the indirect effects of team identification on purchase intentions through sponsor-stadium fit and gratitude towards the sponsor were positive and significant.
Research limitations/implications
When renaming non-historic stadiums of relatively new sport teams, sponsors that present a team-related brand identity can create a preference and image fit with stadiums. The findings serve to advance the literature on stadium sponsorship particularly at non-historic stadiums.
Originality/value
In its conceptualisation of sponsor-stadium fit, the current study extends previous research that has focused primarily on sponsor-event fit.
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Throughout sport, the incidence of commercial sponsorship is increasing and shows no signs of slowing. This case study examines the negative consequences that can arise when a…
Abstract
Throughout sport, the incidence of commercial sponsorship is increasing and shows no signs of slowing. This case study examines the negative consequences that can arise when a corporate stadium naming rights partner (Enron) becomes embroiled in financial and ethical controversies and how its collapse affected the team that uses the stadium for its home games (Major League Baseball's Houston Astros). It examines public relations strategies and tactics the Astros used to disassociate themselves from Enron and to recapture public support.
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Majd Megheirkouni, Amarachi Amaugo and Shehu Jallo
The purpose of this paper is to identify the required leadership styles and skills for stadium management, and examine the relationship between transformational and transactional…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to identify the required leadership styles and skills for stadium management, and examine the relationship between transformational and transactional leadership styles and the skills approach: technical, human and conceptual skills.
Design/methodology/approach
A quantitative methods approach was used to gather the data, using a sample of 212 registered individuals in stadium settings.
Findings
The results revealed that there are significant relationships between leadership styles and the skills approach: technical, human and conceptual skills. More importantly, leadership styles were found to be equally important even though the effect between these styles and the skills approach: technical, human and conceptual skills, varied in the three levels of management. Further details have been reported in the results.
Research limitations/implications
The paper provides an insight into the relationship between leadership styles and the required skills, using a quantitative methods approach. While this is an appropriate method, in-depth interviews are needed to understand why/why questions in stadium settings.
Practical implications
Managers should be carefully selected in the three levels of management because unqualified people can have negative consequences on the reputation of a stadium and the hosting of major events. An effective selection program focusing on mid-level managers is essential.
Originality/value
This research represents the first attempt to investigate and understand the relationship between leadership styles and the required skills, using evidence from stadium settings.
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Paul J. Kitchin, Juan Luis Paramio-Salcines, Simon Darcy and Geoff Walters
The aim of this paper is to synthesise existing literature on sports stadia, spectators with disabilities (SwD) and accessibility to identify themes and to highlight the gaps in…
Abstract
Purpose
The aim of this paper is to synthesise existing literature on sports stadia, spectators with disabilities (SwD) and accessibility to identify themes and to highlight the gaps in the literature. This review subsequently develops two propositions that will enable research in this emerging area to further develop.
Design/methodology/approach
The research was guided by two research questions: First, what does the peer reviewed evidence tell us about SwD and the accessibility of sporting stadia?; Second, how can this information be used to develop a Stadium Accessibility Scale (SAS)? The authors conducted a rapid review of the literature across three databases that identified 34 papers for synthesis.
Findings
The synthesis revealed three research themes: a focus on legislative compliance, the need to enhance resources (both physical and human) and research that focusses on moving beyond the stadium experience. The latter can be subdivided into two streams – studies that look at accessibility as a social legacy of major events and studies that seek to understand the whole journey that SwD's must make to attend sport events.
Research limitations/implications
The study makes two key recommendations. The first is to encourage further research aligned to the HOPES framework (Paramio-Salcines et al., 2016) that explicitly recognises the importance of understanding the broader approach to the customer experience. The second is the need for the development and validation of a reliable SAS.
Originality/value
Greater accessibility provides a foundation for inclusive environments in sport. The findings are relevant for all stakeholders in sport as universal accessibility benefits more than people with disabilities.
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Heetae Cho, Hyun-Woo Lee and Do Young Pyun
The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of perceived environmental quality of the stadium on fans’ future intentions to attend a game by highlighting the moderating…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of perceived environmental quality of the stadium on fans’ future intentions to attend a game by highlighting the moderating effect of team loyalty.
Design/methodology/approach
Using latent moderated structural equations modeling, this study tested the direct impacts of stadium factors on consumers’ desire to stay and revisit intentions and the moderation effects of team loyalty based on Mehrabian and Russell’s environmental psychology behavioral model.
Findings
The results showed significant direct effects of team loyalty and desire to stay on revisit intentions. The stadium environment influenced desire to stay and revisit intentions only by the interactions with team loyalty. More specifically, higher loyalty led to higher desire to stay and revisit intentions, whereas fans’ positive experience of stadium environment intensified the effect.
Originality/value
The authors highlight the significant role of desire to stay on revisit intentions by incorporating the cognitive-affective system of human behavior. In addition, this study provides essential information for identifying the interaction effects of environmental factors and team loyalty on consumer behavior in sport settings.
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M.S. Balaji and Rajdeep Chakraborti
This paper aims to develop a scale for stadium atmosphere in the Indian context. This is considered as a key area for sports managers, as stadium attendance contributes toward the…
Abstract
Purpose
This paper aims to develop a scale for stadium atmosphere in the Indian context. This is considered as a key area for sports managers, as stadium attendance contributes toward the teams revenues. Moreover, while the importance of environment is well-established in the marketing literature, stadium atmosphere has received limited attention.
Design/methodology/approach
Through qualitative and quantitative studies in five different phases, a 14-item four-dimension stadium atmosphere scale was developed that included physical layout, facility aesthetics, entertainment experience and social interaction.
Findings
The stadium atmosphere scale developed in this study demonstrates sound psychometric properties based on various reliability and validity tests as well as scale replications using different samples.
Practical implications
The stadium atmosphere scale developed will be of particular use for sports marketers and management. It could be inferred that the stadium managers could expect high spectator attendance and satisfaction by focusing on stadium atmosphere factors such as the accessibility of seats and allocation of seat spaces, stadium architecture, the game characteristics and the attitudes and behaviors of stadium employees during live games.
Originality/value
The present study addresses a key gap identified in the sports marketing and management area. The study adds to the conceptual understanding of the stadium atmosphere construct and empirically demonstrates the measurement scale for the construct.
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James Santomier and John Gerlach
The purpose of this article is to examine selected public policy and funding issues of six New York Metropolitan Area sport venues and to discuss their implications for the future…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this article is to examine selected public policy and funding issues of six New York Metropolitan Area sport venues and to discuss their implications for the future of sport venue construction.
Design/methodology/approach
The design of this paper is a descriptive case study, which is appropriate when the question to be answered is how or why, when there is no necessary control of behavioral events, and when the study is focused on contemporary events. A systematic review of public documents and available research related to the recent development and funding of selected sport venues was conducted. In addition, a critical appraisal and financial analysis was performed on selected data collected from a variety of proprietary facility reports and public documents.
Findings
Based on a systematic examination of public documents and available research it was determined that a complex mix of local, regional, and state politics has impacted significantly the dynamics of professional sport venue development in the New York Metropolitan Area. It is also apparent that there has been a significant lack of transparency with respect to public policy. In addition, it appears that sport venue development in the entire US will experience a trend toward integration with retail, commercial, and residential real estate development that appears to be a result of political pressure and the need to rapidly recoup investment costs associated with sport venue construction.
Research limitations/implications
Because this is a descriptive case study, the findings, etc., are limited to those specific venues and public policy issues that were selected for examination.
Practical implications
This case study should provide educators and practitioners with insight into the complexity of mission critical decisions that are involved in the development and funding of sport venues. It also should provide insight into the political process related to sport venue construction and the importance of transparency in communicating with the public.
Social implications
This case study may provide educators and practitioners with insight into the relationship among public policy, venue financing, and selected social issues.
Originality/value
This case study provides original insight into the key elements of funding sport venues in the New York Metropolitan Area. It will provide educators and practitioners with a frame of reference for further examination of the development of sport venues worldwide.
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Timothy Kellison and Madeleine Orr
Severe hazards associated with climate change are threatening human settlements, thereby requiring global cities to implement comprehensive climate adaptation strategies. For…
Abstract
Purpose
Severe hazards associated with climate change are threatening human settlements, thereby requiring global cities to implement comprehensive climate adaptation strategies. For sports organizations, adaptive measures may include designing and constructing new stadiums. In this study, the authors explore climate change as a vehicle for urban transformation, particularly as it relates to the replacement of existing stadiums with new, more sustainable and resilient venues.
Design/methodology/approach
The authors employed a collective case study approach focusing on three recent cases of stadium replacement: Globe Life Field in Arlington, Texas; Oakland Ballpark in Oakland, California; and Marlins Park in Miami, Florida. These cases were selected because an official representative of each team made explicit references to some form of climate adaptation, though each ballpark faces a distinctive climate-related threat.
Findings
Each of the cases illustrates the various ways in which climate vulnerability may be deployed by teams and policymakers to replace professional sports stadiums. Although all three examples involved the replacement of an existing ballpark, only in the Texas case was climate adaptation openly cited as the primary reason for stadium replacement. Still, ballpark replacement plans in Oakland and Miami included significant and costly design features to protect the stadiums from extreme weather events.
Originality/value
This study applies the concept of climate vulnerability to illustrate a potential strategy to justify stadium replacement. As cities and metropolitan regions continue to grapple with the grand challenge of climate change, the associated vulnerability of large public assembly facilities such as major sports stadiums – particularly those prominently situated in urban centers – can no longer be ignored.
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The purpose of this paper is to examine the mediating impacts of leader-member exchange (LMX) theory on the relationship between job satisfaction, organisational commitment and…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to examine the mediating impacts of leader-member exchange (LMX) theory on the relationship between job satisfaction, organisational commitment and performance of staff operating in stadia and arenas hosting sport events.
Design/methodology/approach
A quantitative methods approach was used to gather the data. In total, 146 surveys were completed from stadia hosting sport events in London, Dubai and Doha. Data were analysed using SPSS.
Findings
LMX fully mediated the relationship between job satisfaction and organisational commitment. LMX fully mediated the relationship between job satisfaction and job performance. In addition, job satisfaction was positively and directly related to job performance as well as organisational commitment.
Research limitations/implications
In-depth interviews approach is also needed to understand how employees perceive their supervisors, managers, or leaders in stadia hosting sport events.
Originality/value
The paper advances leadership research in stadia hosting sport events that links the impacts of LMX theory on job satisfaction, organisational commitment and performance.
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Nola Agha and Daniel A. Rascher
The purpose of this paper is to understand why some sports show a positive economic impact and other sports do not, and to identify a common set of explanatory factors explaining…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to understand why some sports show a positive economic impact and other sports do not, and to identify a common set of explanatory factors explaining the differences.
Design/methodology/approach
This explanatory research reviews the economic impact literature to identify the underlying conditions that would theoretically allow any sport, large or small, to generate positive economic effects.
Findings
Nine conditions are identified that, when present, could allow a community to experience a positive economic impact from a team or stadium. These are then used to explain the discrepancy in known empirical outcomes in major and minor league baseball (MiLB). It appears as if major league teams are more likely to violate the conditions than minor league teams. This research finds theoretical support for previous suggestions that smaller teams and events may be beneficial to local economies. In doing so, it also explains previous empirical results that found some MiLB classifications are associated with positive gains in per capita income.
Practical implications
Stakeholders can use the nine conditions to understand expected economic impact of their relevant sports. This research provides a comprehensive guide to understanding when economic impact can be positive.
Social implications
This research helps explain some of the existing controversy regarding economic impact analysis.
Originality/value
It is the first research to help provide a pre-set of conditions that can help predict whether positive economic impact will occur for specific sports teams or stadium projects.
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