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Transparent and fair price discovery is essential to commodity market participants in the trade value chain for competitive benefit. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the price discovery of Indian cardamom at e-auction, spot and futures markets in addition to the existence of the day of the week effect at e-auction apart from exploring a novel price risk management framework.

This study used Johansen co-integration, vector error correction model, Granger causality and regression with dummy variables to understand a day of the week effect in high-value agri-commodity of cardamom e-auction prices. These price data were based on authenticated sources of Spices Board India and Multi Commodity Exchange of India Ltd.

The statistical results indicate price discovery exists in the e-auction market and it leads to spot and futures prices. cardamom e-auction prices are negatively related to cardamom futures and positively related to spot prices. It also finds the non-existence of the day of the week effect in the high-value cardamom e-auction system in India. The study revealed that a cardamom e-auction is more active in price discovery than a cardamom futures contract.

These results shall facilitate policymakers to explore intervention of online forward market mechanism at the national level to ensure price discovery and market efficiency. However, the study did not explore reasons for the non-equilibrium of a cardamom futures contract with spot and e-auction market.

The results of this study are useful in understanding the price discovery of cardamom e-auction and its role in the spot and futures market. Cardamom price discovery depends upon the e-auction system; any change of auction policy shall be binding on Indian cardamom prices. The introduction of an online forward market mechanism as described in the paper shall facilitate price risk management apart from improving the efficiency of price discovery.

This is the first study considering cardamom e-auction, spot and futures prices in the price discovery process in India. Statistical results of a day of the week effect clearly show no significant volatility of cardamom prices during the week. Besides, this study did not find the role of cardamom futures contracts intended to serve the economic function of price discovery and price risk management. Hence, suggests policy intervention for implementing an online Forward Market mechanism for Indian cardamom to ensure market efficiency and manage price risk.

This paper examines the price discovery process among the Korea stock index markets using the vector error correction model (VECM) and the multivariate generalized auto regressive conditional heteroskedasticity (M-GARCH) model. The minute-by-minute price series of the KOSPI200 index, KOSPI200 futures, and KODEX200 are cointegrated.

The empirical results are summarized as follows: First, VECM estimation results indicate that when the cointegrating relationship is perturbed by the arrival of ntis, the KODEX200(ETF) does not adjusted to restore equilibrium. This is the task of the KOSPI200 futures and spot. These two index securities use the KODEX200 to represent the ntioequilibrium price, with the KOSPI200 futures responding faster than the KOSPI200 spot. When the cointegrating relationship betweeiesOSPI200 spot and futues is perturbed by the arrival of ntis, the KOSPI200 spot does adjusted to restore equilibrium. Next, the results from the multivariate GARCH modes indicate that the volatilities of esOSPI200 spot and futures markets suggest unidirectiona1volatility spillover from KOSPI200 futures to KOSPI200 spot. KODEX200(ETF) volatilities spill over bothesOSPI200 spot and futures markets. and this happen in the reverse direction with a strong effect from the KODEX200 to KOSP200 futures and spot.

The overall findings indicate that the KODEX200(ETF) market dominates KOSPI200 futures and spot in the price discovery process. The regulation of Instutional traders on trading on futures markets explains its superior price discovery function.

The purpose of this paper is to study the efficiency of different oil and gas markets. Most previous studies examined the issue using low frequency date sampled at monthly, weekly, or daily frequencies. In this study, 30-minute intraday data are used to explore efficiency in energy markets.

Sophisticated statistical analysis techniques such as Granger-causality regressions, augmented Dickey-Fuller tests, cointegration tests, vector autoregressions are used to explore the transmission of information between oil and gas energy markets.

This study provides evidence for efficiency in energy markets. The new information that arrives either to futures markets or spot markets is digested correctly, completely, and in a fast manner, and is propagated to the other market. The evidence indicates high efficiency.

This study is one of the first papers that uses 30-minute interval intraday data to investigate efficiency in oil and gas commodity markets.

This study is to examine the unblasedness hypothesis and hedging effectiveness in KOSPI20() futures market. The unbiasedness and efficiency hypothesis is carried out using a cointegration methodology. And hedging effectiveness is measured by comparing hedging performance of the naive hedge model, OLS hedge model. and constant correlation bivariate GARCH (1. 1) hedge model based on rolling windows. The sample period covers from May. 3. 1996 to December. 8, 2005.

The empirical results are summarized as follows: First, there exists the cOintegrating relationship between realized spot prices and futures prices of the 10 day. 22 day. 44 day. and 59 day prior to maturity. Second. futures prices of backward the 10 day. 22 day. 44 day from maturity provide unbiased forecasts of the realized spot prices. The KOSPI200 futures price is likely to predict accurately future KOSPI200 spot prices without the trader having to pay a risk premium for the privilege of trading the contract. Third. for shorter maturity. the futures price appears to be the best forecaster of spot price. Forth, bivariate GARCH hedging effectiveness outperforms the naive and OLS hedging effectiveness.

The implications of these findings show that KOSPI200 futures market behaves as unbiased predictor of future spot price and risk management instrument of KOSPI200 spot portfolio.

The National Pension Service (NPS) of Korea is one of the largest institutional investors in the world and it has been known as the market stabilizer in the Korean stock market. Nevertheless, it is hard to find the research about the impact of the NPS on the futures market. We investigated the effect of the NPS’s trading KOSPI200 futures on the returns, the liquidity and the volatility of the market using the recent ten years’ transaction data. The main findings are as follows. First, the NPS’s net investment flow (NIF) in the KOSPI200 futures market shows the predictability about the returns of both KOSPI200 futures and KOSPI200 spot index. Second, the NPS’s NIF in the KOSPI200 futures market improves the liquidity of the KOSPI market, where the transactions involved in both the spot market and the futures market occur. Third, the NPS’s NIF in the KOSPI200 futures market reduces the volatility of both the KOSPI200 futures market and the KOSPI market. Unlike the prior studies showing that our futures market tends to increase the volatility of the stock market through the volatility transfer, our finding suggests that the NPS’s trading KOSPI200 futures contributes to decreasing the volatility in both markets. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this paper is the first study that investigates the impact of the NPS’s trading KOSPI200 futures on the KOSPI200 futures market and the stock market. It shows that the NPS plays a role of the market stabilizer in the futures market. In addition, the NPS’s trading KOSPI200 futures also affects the KOSPI stock market, stabilizing it in terms of both the liquidity and the volatility.

We investigate intraday data for KOSPI 200 index and KOSPI 200 index futures. Hourly theoretical futures prices are calculated based on cost of carry model. we compare hourly index futures prices with their theoretical prices. Consistent with a large body of previous researches in this area, we find the persistent deviation of futures prices from their theoretical prices. Futures prices are undervalued relative to their theoretical prices. The data indicate that the difference between futures price and its theoretical price exhibits U-shaped pattern over the trading hours. The differences are higher at open and at 15:00 and are lower over intraday trading hours, implying that previous studies using daily closing prices overstate this mispricing.

We also examine the effect of intraday spot return on the behavior of the difference between the hourly futures price and its theoretical price. The finding indicates that the intraday momentum generates U-shaped pattern of this mispricing. This contrasts with Kim and Park (2011)'s finding that the difference also increases as the prior 60 day spot return increases. Our finding invalidates their explanation the activities of arbitrageurs bring monotonic increasing pattern of the magnitude of this mispricing in their daily data.

We propose a new explanation the U shaped patttern of the difference between the futures price and its theoretical price generated by the intraday spot return's moment. We introduce risk-seeking trader in our new explanation. The trader's risk-seeking behavior is based on prospect theory (Kahneman and Tversky (1979)). We argue that the risk-seeking traders cause intraday momentum effect to generate the U-shaped pattern of this mispricing. We add speculator's variables to Kim and Park (2011)'s regression equation and estimate it. The results from the regression analysis lend support to our new explanation as well as theirs, implying that speculators and arbitrageurs are present and active in the spot and futures markets and generate different pattern of the mispricing.

This paper examines the price dynamics in the single stocks futures and spot markets. In order to enhance the liquidity of the stock futures market, Korea Exchange introduced the liquidity provider in 2014, and exempted the securities transaction taxes on stocks sold for hedging purposes of liquidity provider from 2015. This study performed a vector error correction model (VECM) based on spot-futures market linkage to evaluate the effectiveness of the liquidity policy by examining the difference in the price discovery around the event. The main empirical analysis results are summarized as follows. First, a statistically significant sample of price discovery over the entire period was evident in the interrelationship between spot and futures. This implies that stock futures have information effect equivalent to spot price, which is different from the previous studies in which futures lead the spot price discovery significantly as in the case of KOSPI200 futures market. Second, the tendency of feedback between spot and futures is consistent in price discovery even after introduction of liquidity provider and exemption of securities transaction tax. Overall, empirical results suggest that the effectiveness of the stock futures market policy is limited during the sample period and the additional measures to enhance the long term activation are needed.

We analyze the dynamic behavior of the volatility of KTB futures price through GARCH models. In conducting this analysis we use two type data. Using dailly data we analyze the return and volatility spill-over effect between KTB spot and futures. Through 15-minute and 5-minute data we analyze return and volatility spill-over effect between KTB futures and won/dollar futures. We find that ARCH and GARCH effect exists in the volatility of KTB futures, but leverage effect does not exist in this data. Volatility spill-over effect was found only in 15-minute data. Lead and lag effect was found in 15-minute data of dollar and KTB futures where dollar return leads KTB futures and KTB volatility leads dollar volatility. In the daily data we found that KTB futures return lead KTB spot return while mutual spill-over existed between spot and futures in volatility data. Since conditional heteroscedasticity exists in KTB futures we need to consider the these effects in building up systems for arbitrage, valuation and risk management.

This paper examines the information efficiency of KOSDAQ50 and KOSPI200 index futures markets. The study analyzes and compares both markets in three respects : 1) price discovery (lead-lag relationship between spot and futures markets.), 2) volatility-volume relationship, and 3) mispricings between spot and futures prices. The first, analysis shows the in the KOSPI200 market, futures price leads spot price. While spot price leads futures price in the KOSDAQ50 market. The second analysis shows that the volatility-volume relation is positive in the KOSPI200 futures market, supporting the hypothesis of mixture of distribution. In contrast, there is little relation between volume and volatility in the KOSDAQ50 futures market. This result casts doubt that the futures market price reflects information. The last analysis shows that the magnitude of mispricing becomes smaller with more volume in the KOSPI200 futures market, while it becomes larger with more volume in the KOSDAQ50 futures market. The overall results imply that the KOSDAQ50 futures market is less informationally efficient that the KOSPI200 market. The inefficiency appears due to the lack of institutional investor participation, especially securities firms, in making up the market.

This paper investigated the price discovery and asymmetric volatility spillover effects between single stock futures and spot markets. For this purpose we employ 4 largest Korean financial holding companies's daily data covering the period from May 7, 2008 to the end of December, 2010. We introduce the Nelson (1991)'s Exponential GARCH models and the major empirical results are as follows; First, according to Johansen co-integration test, there is a long run relationship between the level variables of 4 financial holding companies' futures and cash markets. Second, based on Granger causality test, 3 financial holding companies's futures contracts among 4 have an impact on the spot returns at a significant level. Third, financial holding companies' futures and spot markets are influenced at 10% to 27% by previous price changes of each market. Fourth, there is a asymmetric volatility spillover effects in 4 financial holding companies futures markets. From this result we infer that individual futures and spot markets in banking area are more sensitive to bad news than good news. These empirical results are consistent with the those of Sakthivel and Kamaiah (2010), Chan et al.(1991), Lien and Tse (2000), Yang et al.(2001) and from these results we infer that 4 single stock futures market are more efficient than those of there spot markets.